Architecture for minimum loop current during ringing and caller ID

ABSTRACT

A communication system is provided which draws virtually no loop current during a ringing burst and only draws on-hook loop current during the caller ID field. More particularly, ringer burst circuitry may be powered from the user powered circuitry by the transmission of power across the isolation barrier rather than being powered from the phone line. Thus, loop current need not be drawn from the TIP/RING lines during ringer bursts. The isolation barrier may be a capacitive isolation barrier which allows bidirectional communication and extraction of power from signals transmitted across the barrier.

This is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/034,376 filed on Mar. 4,1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,587,560 entitled “Low Voltage Circuits PoweredBy the Phone Line” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No.08/841,409 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,137,827, U.S. Ser. No. 08/837,702 nowU.S. Pat. No. 5,870,046, and U.S. Ser. No. 08/837,714 now U.S. Pat. No.6,430,229, all filed on Apr. 22, 1997. Further, the following U.S.patent applications Ser. No. 09/034,687 filed Mar. 4, 1998 now U.S. Pat.No. 6,359,983 entitled “Digital Isolation System With Data Scrambling”by Andrew W. Krone et al.; Ser. No. 09/034,456 filed Mar. 4, 1998 nowU.S. Pat. No. 6,144,326 entitled “Digital Isolation With ADC OffsetCalibration” by Andrew W. Krone et al.; Ser. No. 09/034,455 filed Mar.4, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,480,602 entitled “Ring-Detect InterfaceCircuitry and Method for a Communication System” by Timothy J. Dupuis etal.; Ser. No. 09/035,779 filed Mar. 4, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,389,134entitled “Call Progress Monitor Circuitry and Method for a CommunicationSystem” by Timothy J. Dupuis et al.; Ser. No. 09/034,683 filed Mar. 4,1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,167,134 entitled “External Resistor and Methodto Minimize Power Dissipation in DC Holding Circuitry for aCommunication System” by Jeffrey W. Scott et al.; Ser. No. 09/034,682filed Mar. 4, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,408,034 entitled “Framed DeltaSigma Data With Unlikely Delta Sigma Data Patterns” by Andrew W. Kroneet al.; and Ser. No. 09/035,175 filed Mar. 4, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No.6,385,235 entitled “Direct Digital Access Arrangement Circuitry andMethod for Connecting to Phone Lines” Jeffrey W. Scott et al., areexpressly incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the fields of phone line termination circuitsand isolation systems for use in selectively isolating electricalcircuits from one another. More particularly, this invention relates toisolation systems having capacitor-coupled isolation barriers for phoneline termination circuits. This invention is useful in, for example,telephony, medical electronics and industrial process controlapplications.

BACKGROUND

Electrical isolation barriers can be identified in many industrial,medical and communication applications where it is necessary toelectrically isolate one section of electronic circuitry from anotherelectronic section. In this context isolation exists between twosections of electronic circuitry if a large magnitude voltage source,typically on the order of one thousand volts or more, connected betweenany two circuit nodes separated by the barrier causes less than aminimal amount of current flow, typically on the order of tenmilliamperes or less, through the voltage source. An electricalisolation barrier must exist, for example, in communication circuitrywhich connects directly to the standard two-wire public switchedtelephone network and that is powered through a standard residentialwall outlet. Specifically, in order to achieve regulatory compliancewith Federal Communications Commission Part 68, which governs electricalconnections to the telephone network in order to prevent network harm,an isolation barrier capable of withstanding 1000 volts rms at 60 Hzwith no more than 10 milliamps current flow, must exist betweencircuitry directly connected to the two wire telephone network andcircuitry directly connected to the residential wall outlet.

In many applications there exists an analog or continuous time varyingsignal on one side of the isolation barrier, and the informationcontained in that signal must be communicated across the isolationbarrier. For example, common telephone network modulator/demodulator, ormodem, circuitry powered by a residential wall outlet must typicallytransfer an analog signal with bandwidth of approximately 4 kilohertzacross an isolation barrier for transmission over the two-wire, publicswitched telephone network. The isolation method and associatedcircuitry must provide this communication reliably and inexpensively. Inthis context, the transfer of information across the isolation barrieris considered reliable only if all of the following conditions apply:the isolating elements themselves do not significantly distort thesignal information, the communication is substantially insensitive to orundisturbed by voltage signals and impedances that exist between theisolated circuitry sections and, finally, the communication issubstantially insensitive to or undisturbed by noise sources in physicalproximity to the isolating elements.

High voltage isolation barriers are commonly implemented by usingmagnetic fields, electric fields, or light. The corresponding signalcommunication elements are transformers, capacitors and opto-isolators.Transformers can provide high voltage isolation between primary andsecondary windings, and also provide a high degree of rejection of lowervoltage signals that exist across the barrier, since these signalsappear as common mode in transformer isolated circuit applications. Forthese reasons, transformers have been commonly used to interface modemcircuitry to the standard, two-wire telephone network. In modemcircuitry, the signal transferred across the barrier is typically analogin nature, and signal communication across the barrier is supported inboth directions by a single transformer. However, analog signalcommunication through a transformer is subject to low frequencybandwidth limitations, as well as distortion caused by corenonlinearities. Further disadvantages of transformers are their size,weight and cost.

The distortion performance of transformer coupling can be improved whilereducing the size and weight concerns by using smaller pulsetransformers to transfer a digitally encoded version of the analoginformation signal across the isolation barrier, as disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,369,666, “MODEM WITH DIGITAL ISOLATION” (incorporated hereinby reference). However, two separate pulse transformers are disclosedfor bidirectional communication with this technique, resulting in a costdisadvantage. Another disadvantage of transformer coupling is thatadditional isolation elements, such as relays and opto-isolators, aretypically required to transfer control signal information, such as phoneline hookswitch control and ring detect, across the isolation barrier,further increasing the cost and size of transformer-based isolationsolutions.

Because of their lower cost, high voltage capacitors have also beencommonly used for signal transfer in isolation system circuitry.Typically, the baseband or low frequency analog signal to becommunicated across the isolation barrier is modulated to a higherfrequency, where the capacitive isolation elements are more conductive.The receiving circuitry on the other side of the barrier demodulates thesignal to recover the lower bandwidth signal of interest. For example,U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,895, “TELEPHONE ISOLATION DEVICE” (incorporatedherein by reference) discloses a switching modulation scheme applieddirectly to the analog information signal for transmission across acapacitive isolation barrier. Similar switching circuitry on thereceiving end of the barrier demodulates the signal to recover theanalog information. The disadvantage of this technique is that theanalog communication, although differential, is not robust. Mismatchesin the differential components allow noise signals, which cancapacitively couple into the isolation barrier, to easily corrupt boththe amplitude and timing (or phase) of the analog modulated signal,resulting in unreliable communication across the barrier. Even withperfectly matched components, noise signals can couple preferentiallyinto one side of the differential communication channel. This schemealso requires separate isolation components for control signals, such ashookswitch control and ring detect, which increase the cost andcomplexity of the solution.

The amplitude corruption concern can be eliminated by other modulationschemes, such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,292,595, “CAPACITANCE COUPLED ISOLATIONAMPLIFIER AND METHOD,” which discloses a pulse width modulation scheme;U.S. Pat. No. 4,835,486 “ISOLATION AMPLIFIER WITH PRECISE TIMING OFSIGNALS COUPLED ACROSS ISOLATION BARRIER,” which discloses avoltage-to-frequency modulation scheme; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,843,339“ISOLATION AMPLIFIER INCLUDING PRECISION VOLTAGE-TO-DUTY CYCLE CONVERTERAND LOW RIPPLE, HIGH BANDWIDTH CHARGE BALANCE DEMODULATOR,” whichdiscloses a voltage-to-duty cycle modulation scheme. (All of theabove-referenced patents are incorporated herein by reference.) In thesemodulation schemes, the amplitude of the modulated signal carries noinformation and corruption of its value by noise does not interfere withaccurate reception. Instead, the signal information to be communicatedacross the isolation barrier is encoded into voltage transitions thatoccur at precise moments in time. Because of this required timingprecision, these modulation schemes remain analog in nature.Furthermore, since capacitively coupled noise can cause timing (orphase) errors of voltage transitions in addition to amplitude errors,these modulation schemes remain sensitive to noise interference at theisolation barrier.

Another method for communicating an analog information signal across anisolation barrier is described in the Silicon Systems, Inc. data sheetfor product number SSI73D2950. (See related U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,894 for“TELEPHONE LINE INTERFACE WITH AC AND DC TRANSCONDUCTANCE LOOPS” andU.S. Pat. No. 5,602,912 for “TELEPHONE HYBRID CIRCUIT”, both of whichare incorporated herein by reference.) In this modem chipset, an analogsignal with information to be communicated across an isolation barrieris converted to a digital format, with the amplitude of the digitalsignal restricted to standard digital logic levels. The digital signalis transmitted across the barrier by means of two, separate high voltageisolation capacitors. One capacitor is used to transfer the digitalsignal logic levels, while a separate capacitor is used to transmit aclock or timing synchronization signal across the barrier. The clocksignal is used on the receiving side of the barrier as a timebase foranalog signal recovery, and therefore requires a timing precisionsimilar to that required by the analog modulation schemes. Consequentlyone disadvantage of this approach is that noise capacitively coupled atthe isolation barrier can cause clock signal timing errors known asjitter, which corrupts the recovered analog signal and results inunreliable communication across the isolation barrier. Reliable signalcommunication is further compromised by the sensitivity of the singleended signal transfer to voltages that exist between the isolatedcircuit sections. Further disadvantages of the method described in thisdata sheet are the extra costs and board space associated with otherrequired isolating elements, including a separate high voltage isolationcapacitor for the clock signal, another separate isolation capacitor forbidirectional communication, and opto-isolators and relays forcommunicating control information across the isolation barrier.

Opto-isolators are also commonly used for transferring informationacross a high voltage isolation barrier. Signal information is typicallyquantized to two levels, corresponding to an “on” or “off” state for thelight emitting diode (LED) inside the opto-isolator. U.S. Pat. No.5,287,107 “OPTICAL ISOLATION AMPLIFIER WITH SIGMA-DELTA MODULATION”(incorporated herein by reference) discloses a delta-sigma modulationscheme for two-level quantization of a baseband or low frequency signal,and subsequent communication across an isolation barrier throughopto-isolators. Decoder and analog filtering circuits recover thebaseband signal on the receiving side of the isolation barrier. Asdescribed, the modulation scheme encodes the signal information intoon/off transitions of the LED at precise moments in time, therebybecoming susceptible to the same jitter (transition timing) sensitivityas the capacitive isolation amplifier modulation schemes.

Another example of signal transmission across an optical isolationbarrier is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,275 “ANALOG DATA ACQUISITIONAPPARATUS AND METHOD PROVIDED WITH ELECTRO-OPTICAL ISOLATION”(incorporated herein by reference). In this disclosure, ananalog-to-digital converter, or ADC, is used to convert several,multiplexed analog channels into digital format for transmission to adigital system. Opto-isolators are used to isolate the ADC fromelectrical noise generated in the digital system. Serial datatransmission across the isolation barrier is synchronized by a clocksignal that is passed through a separate opto-isolator. The ADC timebaseor clock, however, is either generated on the analog side of the barrieror triggered by a software event on the digital side of the barrier. Ineither case, no mechanism is provided for jitter insensitivecommunication of the ADC clock, which is required for reliable signalreconstruction, across the isolation barrier. Some further disadvantagesof optical isolation are that opto-isolators are typically moreexpensive than high voltage isolation capacitors, and they areunidirectional in nature, thereby requiring a plurality ofopto-isolators to implement bidirectional communication.

Thus, there exists an unmet need for a reliable, accurate andinexpensive apparatus for effecting bidirectional communication of bothanalog signal information and control information across a high voltageisolation barrier, while avoiding the shortcomings of the prior art.

As mentioned above, one common application for electrical isolationbarriers is for use in electrical connections to the standard two-wirepublic switched telephone network. FIG. 16 illustrates a typical priorart phone line termination circuit. FIG. 16 shows the standard two-wirepublic network lines, the TIP line 1602 and the RING line 1604. The TIPline 1602 and the RING line 1604 are conventionally connected to a diodebridge 1606. The diode bridge presents the proper polarity line signalto the hookswitch circuit 1608 independent of the TIP and RING polarity.The hookswitch circuit 1608 operates to “seize” or “collapse” the TIPand RING phone lines to allow the maximum loop current (I_(loop)) thatis available from the phone line to flow. The hookswitch circuit 1608 iscoupled to electronic interface circuitry 1610. The electronic interfacecircuitry 1610 may contain a variety of devices and may be powered bythe phone line. The electronic interface circuitry 1610 may also includean isolation barrier across which audio information may be transferredto the host powered circuitry 1616. A caller ID interface 1612 and aringer interface 1614 may also be coupled between the TIP and RING linesand the host powered circuitry 1616. Both the caller ID interface 1612and the ringer interface 1614 may also contain isolation barriers forcoupling with the host powered circuitry 1616. The ringer interface 1614operates to detect ring bursts on the phone line. Typical United Statesring bursts are two second bursts of a 40 to 140 Vrms 15-68 Hz signal.The caller ID interface 1612 operates to extract the caller ID datawhich is embedded in the ring signal between the first and second ringburst. Generally the caller ID data is 1200/2200 Hz frequency shiftkeyed data. The end of ringing typically is indicated by the last ringburst being followed by a timeout period of approximately 5 seconds ofno further ring bursts.

The circuits such as shown in FIG. 16 typically suffer from a number ofproblems. For example, typically the hookswitch circuits, caller IDinterface, and ringer interface are all separate circuits. Thehookswitch circuits and the caller ID interface are generally separatedsince the caller ID data is detected during on-hook conditions (ringing)when the hookswitch is off. Thus, separate circuitry in the caller IDinterface is required to bypass the hookswitch and additional switchcircuits in the Caller ID interface are opened during off-hookoperation. The various switch circuits are typically implemented withexternal discrete high-voltage bipolar transistors including bipolartransistors dedicated for the hookswitch operation and bipolartransistors dedicated for the caller ID operation (see for example theKrypton Isolation, Inc. K²930G DAA Data Sheet). Further, the ringerinterface is often a non-linear network which would be unsuitable fordetecting caller ID data and thus implemented through yet more separatecircuitry. The use of these external components and separate circuitsincreases both costs and board space usage.

Another disadvantage of traditional interface techniques is that theringer interface 1614 is generally formed from a combination of highvoltage external components and opto-isolators. Further, the ringerinterface may include integrated logic on the host side of the isolationbarriers for performing burst detection, signal conditioning and timingfunctions. However, the use of high voltage external components andopto-isolators is undesirable due to costs. Moreover, all of theintegrated ring detection circuits generally exist on the host side ofthe isolation barrier since generally only one-way communication existswith the opto-isolators.

Still another disadvantage of traditional phone line interfacetechniques relates to the manner in which power supply voltages areobtained from the phone line signal. The phone line signal is a two wiresystem which provides both signal data and power by superimposing thesignal data on a power supply voltage. A regulated voltage may beobtained from the power supply voltage and utilized for poweringcircuits such as analog to digital converters and digital to analogconverters in the electronic interface device 1610. However, in order tomaximize the regulated voltage, prior art techniques have attempted tominimize voltage drops across the diode bridge 1606 and the hookswitch1608. To minimize these voltage drops, relays have been required for thehookswitch and special low voltage diodes have been utilized in thediode bridge (see for example the Siemans PSB4595 and PSB4596 ProductOverview). Typically the relays may result in a voltage drop of almostzero and the low voltage diodes may be non-silicon diodes with voltagedrops of 0.3-0.4 V. However, these components are undesirable due toincreased costs.

Because of the disadvantages mentioned above and others, it is desirableto design an accurate yet a more efficient and cost effective phone linehookswitch interface, caller ID interface, and ringer interface.Moreover, it would be desirable to implement these interfaces in asystem which includes an apparatus for effecting bidirectionalcommunication across a high voltage isolation barrier.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A communication system is provided with a power supply budget such thatportions of a phone line side circuit may be powered from the TIP andRING phone lines while using standard electronic devices for thehookswitch circuits and the diode bridge circuit. For example, lowvoltage converters in the phone line side circuit may be powered fromthe phone line. The low voltage converters may operate off a low voltagepower supply of approximately 2.5 V or less, more preferably may operateoff a low voltage power supply of approximately 2.0 V or less, and inone embodiment 1.9 V converters may be utilized. The communicationsystem may further include a capacitive isolation barrier system forisolating the phone line side circuitry.

In one embodiment, a communication system is provided. This system mayinclude phone line side circuitry that may be coupled to phone lines,powered side circuitry that may be coupled to the phone line sidecircuitry through an isolation barrier, and low voltage circuits in anintegrated portion of the phone line side circuitry. The low voltagecircuits may be powered from the phone line and the low voltage circuitsoperate at sufficiently low voltage level so as not to require lowvoltage drop hookswitch devices and low voltage drop diode bridge diodesto couple the integrated portion of the phone line side circuitry to thephone line.

In another embodiment, a method of providing a communication system thatmay be coupled to a phone line is provided. This method may includecoupling an isolation barrier between powered circuitry and phone lineside circuitry. Further, the method may include operating low voltagecircuits in an integrated portion of the phone line side circuitry frompower supplied from the phone line at a sufficiently low voltage levelso as not to require low voltage drop hookswitch devices and low voltagedrop diode bridge diodes to couple the integrated portion of the phoneline side circuitry to the phone line.

In yet another embodiment, an electrical circuit connectable to a phoneline is provided. The circuit may include an integrated circuit, and atleast one low voltage converter within the integrated circuit. Theintegrated circuit may be coupled to the phone line and the low voltageconverter may be powered from the phone line, wherein the low voltageconverter is supplied through a node coupled to the phone line, the nodehaving a voltage level of 2.5 V or less.

In still another embodiment, a method of powering at least a portion ofan integrated circuit for use in terminating a phone line is provided.This method may include coupling a low voltage circuit within theintegrated circuit to at least one external device. The method mayfurther include coupling the at least one external device to TIP andRING phone lines, and supplying a voltage from the TIP and RING phonelines to the low voltage circuit, the voltage being at a level of 2.5 Vor less at an input to the low voltage circuit.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

So that the manner in which the herein described advantages and featuresof the present invention, as well as others which will become apparent,are attained and can be understood in detail, more particulardescription of the invention summarized above may be had by reference tothe embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings,which drawings form a part of this specification.

It is noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate onlyexemplary embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to beconsidered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to otherequally effective embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a telephone set illustrating a typicalapplication of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a unidirectional isolation systemaccording to the present invention.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram detailing the circuitry used to provide atwo-phase, non-overlapping clock signal to the delta-sigma modulatorsthat are used in preferred embodiments of this invention.

FIG. 3B is a timing diagram that illustrates timing relationshipsbetween various clock and data signals that occur in the circuitry ofthe present invention.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are diagrams that illustrate signal formats that may beproduced by the encoders used in this invention.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the components of exemplary clockrecovery circuit that is used in the present invention.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are schematic diagrams of active diode bridge circuitsthat may be used as power supplies in preferred embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a bidirectional isolation systemaccording to the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a clock recovery and data synchronizationcircuit according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a phase detector circuit that may beused in a clock recovery circuit according to a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a frequency detector circuit that maybe used in a clock recovery circuit according to a preferred embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a decoder circuit that may be utilized ina preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is an illustration representing a framing format that may bebeneficially used in preferred embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 13A and 13B are schematic diagrams of driver circuits that may beutilized to implement the present invention.

FIG. 14 is a timing diagram illustrating an alternative framing formatthat may be used in bidirectional embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a clock recovery circuit that may beemployed for use with the framing format of FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 is a prior art phone line termination circuit.

FIG. 17 illustrates a communication system according to the presentinvention.

FIG. 18 illustrates hookswitch, caller ID and ringer circuits accordingto the present invention.

FIG. 19 is an illustrative embodiment of hookswitch circuitry.

FIG. 20 is a hookswitch circuit according to the present invention asoperating in a low power mode.

FIG. 21 is a hookswitch circuit according to the present invention asoperating in a full power mode.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In order to provide a context for understanding this description, FIG. 1illustrates a typical application for the present invention: a telephonethat includes circuitry powered by a source external to the phonesystem. A basic telephone circuit 118 is powered by the “battery”voltage that is provided by the public telephone system and does nothave a separate power connection. Many modem phones 110, however,include radio (cordless), speakerphone, or answering machine featuresthat require an external source of power 112, typically obtained byplugging the phone (or a power supply transformer/rectifier) into atypical 110-volt residential wall outlet. In order to protect publicphone system 114 (and to comply with governmental regulations), it isnecessary to isolate “powered circuitry” 116 that is externally poweredfrom “isolated circuitry” 118 that is connected to the phone lines, toprevent dangerous or destructive voltage or current levels from enteringthe phone system. (Similar considerations exist in many otherapplications as well, including communication, medical andinstrumentation applications in which this invention may be beneficiallyapplied.) The required isolation is provided by isolation barrier 120.The signal that passes through the isolation barrier 120 is an analogvoice signal in a typical telephone application, but it may also be adigital signal or a multiplexed signal with both analog and digitalcomponents in various applications. In some applications, communicationacross isolation barrier 120 may be unidirectional (in eitherdirection), but in many applications, including telephony, bidirectionalcommunication is required. Bidirectional communication may be providedusing a pair of unidirectional isolator channels, or by forming a singleisolation channel and multiplexing bidirectional signals through thechannel.

The primary requirements placed on isolation barrier 120 are that iteffectively prevents harmful levels of electrical power from passingacross it, while accurately passing the desired signal from the poweredside 122 to the isolated side 124, or in the reverse direction ifdesired.

FIG. 2 illustrates a basic block diagram of a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention. First the overall operation of the invention willbe described, and then each component will be described in detail to theextent required to enable a person skilled in the art to make and usethe invention. As a matter of terminology, the circuitry shown on theleft or powered side of the isolation barrier (capacitors 209 and 210 inFIG. 2) will be referred to as the “powered” circuitry or the “transmit”circuitry or system, and the circuitry on the right side of theisolation barrier will be referred to as the “isolated” or “receive”circuitry or system. The “transmit” side can ordinarily be identified bythe location of the dominant master oscillator 202 on that side of thebarrier, and the slave oscillator (e.g. clock recovery circuit 216) islocated on the receive side. Note, however, that in some embodiments ofthe present invention signals may be transmitted from the receive systemto the transmit system, so these terms do not necessarily indicate thedirection of data flow across the barrier. Furthermore, in someembodiments the master oscillator may be on the low-power (e.g.telephone system) side of the barrier, and a clock recovery PLL may belocated on the high-power side of the barrier.

Referring to FIG. 2, a preferred unidirectional capacitive isolationsystem according to the present invention includes a delta-sigma analogto digital converter 201 operable on the analog input 212 and driven bya clock signal from oscillator 202. The digital output of thedelta-sigma ADC 224 is synchronous with the operating frequency ofoscillator 202 and time division multiplexed with digital controlsignals 219 by encoder circuit 213. The encoder circuit 213 also formatsthe resulting digital data stream 230 into a coding scheme or framingformat that allows for robust clock recovery on the receiving side ofthe isolation barrier. The isolation barrier comprises two high voltagecapacitors 209 and 210. In one embodiment of the present invention,driver circuit 214 drives the transmit side of capacitor 209 with adigital voltage signal. Clock recovery circuit 216 presents a very highimpedance to the receive side of capacitor 209, allowing the digitalvoltage output of driver 214 to couple across the isolation barrier. Inthis embodiment, capacitor 210 provides a return current path across thebarrier. In another embodiment, capacitors 209, 210 are differentiallydriven by complementary digital outputs of driver circuit 214. In thatembodiment, clock recovery circuit 216 presents a very high impedance tothe receive sides of capacitors 209 and 210, allowing the differentialdigital voltage outputs of driver 214 to couple across the isolationbarrier. The input to driver circuit 214 is the output 230 of encoder213.

The receive side of the isolation barrier includes clock recoverycircuit 216, with inputs connected to isolation capacitors 209 and 210.The clock recovery circuit recovers a clock signal from the digital datadriven across the isolation barrier. The recovered clock providesclocking signals for decoder 217 and delta-sigma digital-to-analogconverter 208. Decoder circuit 217 separates the time divisionmultiplexed data signal from control signals, providing a digitalcontrol output 228 and data output 232 that is routed to delta-sigma DAC208. The delta-sigma DAC 208, with digital input supplied from decoder217 and clock supplied from clock recovery circuit 216, provides theanalog output of the receive side of the isolation system, which closelycorresponds to the original analog input 212.

Active diode bridge circuit 640 may also be connected to isolationcapacitors 209 and 210 to provide a DC voltage source 220 to clockrecovery circuit 216 and decoder circuit 217 derived from energycontained in the signal transmitted across the isolation barrier.

In the descriptions of preferred embodiments that follow, all circuitreferences are made with respect to MOS (metal oxide-semiconductor)integrated circuit technology, although the invention may be implementedin other technologies as well, as will be understood by one skilled inthe art. A preferred embodiment incorporates transmit system 225consisting of delta-sigma ADC 201, oscillator 202, encoder 213 anddriver 214 fabricated on one silicon substrate, and receive system 226consisting of clock recovery circuit 216, decoder 217, delta-sigma DAC208 and active diode bridge 640 fabricated on a second siliconsubstrate. The two separate silicon substrates are required to maintainthe high voltage isolation provided by capacitors 209 and 210, sincetypical MOS technologies cannot provide high voltage isolation of 1000volts or greater.

The delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter, shown as block 201 of FIG.2, is well known in the art. See, for example, J. C. Candy, A Use ofDouble Integration in Sigma Delta Modulation, IEEE Trans. OnCommunication, March 1985, pp. 249-258, and B. E. Boser and B. A.Wooley, The Design of Sigma-Delta Modulation Analog-to-DigitalConverters, IEEE Journal Solid State Circuits, December 1988, pp.1298-1308, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Thespecific design of ADC 201 will be a matter of design choice dependingupon the needs of the particular application in which the isolationbarrier will be used.

The use of a delta-sigma converter within the isolation system providesseveral desirable features. It will be appreciated that the delta-sigmaconverter uses a high oversampling rate to provide accurate A/Dconversion over the input signal bandwidth without the use of preciselymatched components or high-order, analog anti-aligning filters.Moreover, such converters occupy a relatively small amount of space onan integrated circuit and are relatively easy to fabricate on a CMOSchip.

The digital pulse stream 224 output from delta-sigma converter 201encodes the analog input signal 212 in a pulse density modulationformat. In pulse density modulation, the amplitude information of theanalog input signal is contained in the density of output pulsesgenerated during a given interval of time.

Suitable designs for oscillator circuit 202 are well known in the artand may typically comprise a ring oscillator, relaxation oscillator, oran oscillator based on a piezo-electric crystal disposed external to theintegrated MOS circuit. See, for example, A. B. Grebene, Bipolar and MOSAnalog Integrated Circuit Design, John Wiley and Sons, 1984, which isincorporated herein by reference. FIG. 3A further illustrates the clocksignals that may be provided to delta-sigma converter 201 in a preferredembodiment of this invention. Clock signal 302 from oscillator 202 isinput to clock divider circuit 304 that divides the frequency of theinput clock and provides an output in the form of two phase,non-overlapping clock signals Ø₁ and Ø₂ to the delta-sigma modulatorcircuit. The design and construction of clock divider circuit 304 iswithin the ordinary skill in the art and is not detailed here. Sinceencoder circuit 213 may perform time-division multiplexing of thedigitized data signal 224 with digital control input data 219 using atime base derived from oscillator 202, clock divider 304 of FIG. 3A musttypically divide the frequency of oscillator 202 by at least a factor oftwo.

FIG. 3B illustrates exemplary signals associated with clock dividercircuit 304 and delta-sigma modulator 201 in FIG. 3A. Trace 310 is theclock signal received from oscillator 202 on line 302. Trace 312 is the“clock divided by 2” signal that is generated by clock divider circuit304. Traces 314 and 316 illustrate exemplary two phase, non-overlappingclock signals Ø₁ and Ø₂, respectively, that may be output from clockdivider circuit 304 to delta-sigma modulator 201. Trace 318 representsthe analog input to ADC 201, which generally changes very slowly incomparison to the frequency of clock signal 310. This bandwidthrelationship is required because the delta-sigma modulator must operateat a sampling rate much higher than a typical Nyquist rate (for example,a 1 MHz sampling rate for a 4 kHz voiceband signal is typical) in orderfor the information in the analog signal to be accurately represented bythe single-bit binary output. Finally, trace 320 represents the digitaloutput of delta-sigma modulator 201, which may, for example, besynchronized to the rising edge of clock signal Ø₁. (The illustratedoutput bit pattern 320 is provided to show exemplary timingrelationships and does not attempt to accurately reflect the illustratedanalog input 318).

Referring to FIG. 2, the encoder circuit 213 performs two primaryfunctions in preferred embodiments of this invention. The first functionof encoder 213 is time-division multiplexing of control signals 219 fromother circuitry and data signals 224 from the delta-sigma modulator 201,an operation that is well known in the art and subject to many suitableimplementations. The multiplexing function is synchronized by clocksignals from oscillator 202. The second function of encoder 213 isformatting the data for transmission across isolation capacitors 209,210. FIG. 4 details one coding scheme that may be used to transmitdigital pulses across the capacitive isolation barrier. (Anothersuitable coding scheme is described below with reference to FIG. 14.)FIG. 4A shows the format for data sent from the transmit circuit to thereceive circuit. When data=1 for a given bit cell, the output of theencoder is high for the first quarter of the bit cell period. Whendata=0 for a given bit cell, the output of the encoder is high for thethird quarter of the bit cell period. This coding scheme guarantees onelow-to-high transition followed by one high-to-low transition for everybit cell period, independent of the data pattern. The resulting dataindependent transition density allows for robust clock recovery in thereceiving circuitry on the other side of isolation capacitors 209, 210.Alternatively, robust clock recovery can also be achieved by use of apreamble used for frequency locking followed by a data pattern which isnot of constant average frequency.

In a bidirectional system, as is described below in connection with FIG.7, the transmit system encoder 702 and driver 703 may cooperate toprovide a high-impedance tri-state output to the isolation capacitor 705during either the last half of the bit cell period 410 (if transmitdata=1) or the first half of the bit cell period 411 (if transmitdata=0) as shown in FIG. 4A. This permits transmission of informationfrom the receive system to the transmit system during that portion ofeach bit cell when the transmit driver 703 is tri-stated.

In a preferred embodiment, at the beginning of each bit cell period thereceive system decoder section 708 detects whether the transmit circuithas sent a data=1 pulse across the isolation barrier. If a transmitdata=1 pulse was sent, the receive driver remains tri-stated until thesecond half of the bit cell period, during which time a receive data=0or 1 pulse can be sent back across the isolation barrier to the transmitsystem. If a transmit data=1 pulse is not detected by the receivecircuit the receive driver sends receive data=0 or 1 during the firsthalf of the bit cell period and tri-states for the second half of thebit cell period. This operation is shown in FIG. 4B.

In those embodiments in which the digital, bidirectional communicationis differential, capacitors 705 and 706 are driven by complementarydigital voltages in both directions, and the driver circuits associatedwith both capacitors are tri-stated during selected portions of the bitcell period in accordance with the coding scheme shown in FIG. 4.

A preferred embodiment of the unidirectional driver circuit 214 of FIG.2 is detailed in FIG. 13A for single ended (not differential)communication and FIG. 13B for differential communication across thecapacitive isolation barrier. Referring to FIG. 13A, the transmitcircuit driver 214 may comprise an inverter 250 driven by the encoderoutput signal 230. The output of inverter 250 drives the transmitcircuit side of isolation capacitor 209 to transmit logic levels definedby the transmit V_(DD) and ground voltage levels. The clock recoveryinput buffer presents a high impedance to the receive side of capacitor209, thereby allowing the receive side of capacitor 209 to attainsubstantially the same logic levels as the transmit side of capacitor209. In this manner the digital logic signal is effectively coupledacross the capacitive isolation barrier.

Capacitor 210 is disposed between the transmit circuit ground node 254and receive circuit ground node 256 in order to form a ground currentreturn path across the isolation barrier. This path is required becausethe clock recovery buffer input impedance, although high, is notinfinite. Therefore a small current must flow across the barrier andback in order to couple the digital logic signal across the barrier.Furthermore, capacitor 209 must deliver charge to the active diodecircuit 640 (FIG. 2) in order that a supply voltage for several receivecircuit sections can be provided. The current associated with thistransfer of charge from the transmit circuit to the receive circuit musthave a path to return to the transmit circuit.

The single-ended communication system described above is insensitive tovoltage signals that may exist between the transmit circuit ground 254and receive circuit ground 256 provided that the rate of change of suchvoltage signals is substantially less than the frequency of the digitalsignal transmitted across the barrier. The single-ended method is alsoinsensitive to resistive and capacitive impedances that may existbetween the transmit circuit ground 254 and receive circuit ground 256.The system can be desensitized to inductive impedances that may existbetween the transmit circuit ground 254 and receive circuit ground 256by adding resistive elements in series with capacitor 210, in serieswith the transmit ground connection 254, in series with the receiveground connection 256, or any combination of these.

FIG. 13B shows an example of a suitable differential driver 258 forunidirectional digital communication across a capacitive isolationbarrier. The inverter 260 that drives capacitor 209 is driven by thedigital signal output from the transmit encoder circuit 213, whileinverter 261, which drives capacitor 210, is driven by the complement231 of the digital signal output from transmit encoder circuit 213.Clock recovery input buffer 262 presents high impedances to the receivesides of capacitors 209 and 210, allowing the differential digitaltransmit voltages to couple across the isolation barrier. In thisdifferential communication method, both capacitors 209 and 210 providereturn current paths across the isolation barrier. The differentialdigital communication system described above is largely insensitive tovoltage signals and impedances that may exist between the transmitcircuit ground 254 and receive circuit ground 256, since these voltagesand impedances appear as common mode influences in differentialcommunication.

Bidirectional communication across the barrier can be supported byadditional driver and receive buffer structures, similar to those shownin FIG. 13, without the need for any additional isolation elements,providing that inverters 250, 260, 261, which drive the high voltageisolation capacitors, can be tri-stated generally in accordance with thetiming diagram shown in FIG. 4 or any other suitable coding and timingscheme. In some embodiments, additional capacitor driving inverters thatcan be tri-stated may be provided in a receive-side driver circuit 713(FIG. 7) and input buffers may be provided in a transmit side decodercircuit 714.

In presently preferred embodiments, the actual isolation barriercomprises a pair of isolation capacitors 209 and 210, which are highvoltage capacitors that may be chosen for a particular application toprevent DC and low frequency current flow across the barrier and protectthe isolated circuitry from high voltage faults and transients, whilepermitting data at selected transmission frequencies to cross thebarrier. The capacitors must be capable of withstanding anticipatedvoltages that may appear due to faults in the powered circuitry 225, inorder to provide the protective function that is the purpose of thebarrier. For example, in preferred embodiments ordinary 2000 voltcapacitors with capacitance on the order of 100 pF may be utilized inthe isolation barrier. In a barrier system in accordance with thepresent invention it is not necessary to use high precision capacitors,because the system is very tolerant of variations in capacitorperformance due to environmental influences, such as variations involtage and temperature.

A preferred embodiment for a clock recovery circuit 216 for use in thisinvention is detailed in FIG. 5 and described below. One section of theclock recovery circuit may be a phase locked loop (“PLL”) circuit,consisting of phase/frequency detector 531, charge pump 532, resistor533, capacitor 534, and voltage controlled oscillator (“VCO”) 535. Theother section of the clock recovery block is data latch 542 operatingoutside the phase locked loop to re-time the digital data receivedacross the isolation barrier. Circuitry for performing these functionsis well known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, F. Gardner,Phaselock Techniques, 2d ed., John Wiley & Sons, NY, 1979; and R. Best,Phase-Locked Loops, McGraw-Hill, 1984, which are incorporated herein byreference. The data input to the receive system from the isolationcapacitors may be derived from a differential signal present at thebarrier by passing the differential signal through MOS input buffers(not shown), which are well known in the art, and providing asingle-ended binary output signal 530 to the clock recovery circuit.

The illustrated exemplary phase/frequency detector 531 receives adigital input 530 from the isolation barrier and an input 536 from theoutput of VCO 535 and performs a phase comparison between these twoinputs. If the VCO phase lags the input data phase, a speed up signal538 is supplied to charge pump 532. If the input data 530 phase lags theVCO output 536 phase, a slow down signal 540 is supplied to charge pump532. In response to “speed up” inputs from phase/frequency detector 531,charge pump 532 delivers a positive current to the loop filterconsisting of resistor 533 and capacitor 534 connected in series. Inresponse to “slow down” inputs from the phase/frequency detector, chargepump 532 sinks a positive current from the loop filter. The outputvoltage of the loop filter at node 542 drives voltage controlledoscillator 535, which increases its operation frequency as the inputvoltage increases. The output of VCO 535 is fed back as input 536 tophase/frequency detector 531, and it is also used to re-time the inputdata 530 by serving as the clock input to flip-flop latch 542, thusproviding a clock signal to the isolated circuitry and also providingdata signal 546 that is synchronized to clock signal 544. A dividercircuit may be included in the feedback path 536.

The phase/frequency detector and charge pump operate to increase loopfilter voltage 542 and VCO frequency if VCO phase 536 lags input dataphase 530. Conversely, the VCO frequency is decreased if the VCO phaseleads input data phase. In this manner, the VCO output phase is adjusteduntil phase lock is achieved with input data. Consequently, the VCOfrequency is driven to be substantially identical to the input datafrequency.

If noise interference occurs at the isolation barrier, the input datatransitions will occur at points in time that are noisy, or jittered,relative to the transition times of the transmit circuit driver. Thesejittered data edges will cause a noise component in the charge pumpcurrent that drives the loop filter. The loop filter and VCO, however,low-pass filter this noise component, substantially attenuating theeffects of this input data jitter. Consequently, the VCO output signal,while frequency locked to the input data, contains substantially lessphase noise than the noisy input data. The bandwidth of the phase noisefiltering operation may be set independently of the bandwidth of theanalog signal to be communicated across the isolation barrier. Since thefiltered, phase locked loop output clock signal 544 is used to latch orre-time the noisy input data at flip flop 542, the effects of noiseinterference at the capacitive isolation barrier are substantiallyeliminated. Finally, the filtered, phase locked loop output clock signal544 is used as the timebase or clock for the other receive circuits,including decoder 217 and delta-sigma DAC 208 shown in FIG. 2, resultingin an analog output 218 of the capacitive isolation system that issubstantially free from any noise interference that may have beenintroduced at the capacitive isolation barrier.

Preferred embodiments of active diode bridge circuit 640 of FIG. 2 aredetailed in FIG. 6A for single-ended digital communication and FIG. 6Bfor differential digital communication across the isolation barrier. Theactive diode bridge generates a DC power supply voltage V_(DD), whichmay be used to operate the clock recovery and receiver decoder circuits,in response to the digital data received across the capacitive isolationbarrier. An active diode bridge circuit is distinguished from a standardor passive diode bridge in that the gating elements are activetransistors rather than passive elements such as bipolar diodes.

Referring to the exemplary circuit illustrated in FIG. 6A, isolationcapacitor 209 is connected to node 625 and isolation capacitor 210 isconnected to node 626. The source of n-channel MOSFET 621 and the sourceof p-channel MOSFET 622 are connected to node 625. Also connected tonode 625 is the input of standard CMOS inverter 623. The output ofinverter 623 drives the gates of MOSFETS 621 and 622. The drain ofn-channel MOSFET 621 is connected to node 626, the receive circuitground node, while the drain of p-channel MOSFET 622 connects to node627, which provides V_(DD) voltage for the isolated circuitry. Alsoconnected to V_(DD) node 627 are load capacitor C_(L) 624 and the powersupply input of CMOS inverter 623. In a preferred embodiment, the powersupply inputs of clock recovery circuit 216 and decoder circuit 217shown in FIG. 2 are also connected to V_(DD) node 627.

Referring to the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6A, theoperation of the active diode bridge circuit used in single-endeddigital communication will now be described. A digital logic signal iscoupled across capacitor 209 from the transmit section. When a digital“high” signal is received through capacitor 209, node 625 goes high. Thelogic “high” signal on node 625 forces the CMOS inverter 623 output nodeto go low, turning off device 621 and turning on device 622.Consequently, current flows through capacitor 209, device 622, and fromV_(DD) to receive circuit ground through capacitor C_(L) and throughclock recovery and decoder circuitry shown in FIG. 2. The circuit iscompleted by current flow returning across the isolation barrier throughcapacitor 210. The current demand by circuitry on V_(DD) throughcapacitors 209 and 210 must be limited so that the voltage on node 625relative to node 626 can still be recognized as a digital high logiclevel. When a digital “low” signal is received through capacitor 209,CMOS inverter 623 turns off device 622 and turns on device 621.Consequently, current flows across the isolation barrier throughcapacitor 210, through device 621, and returns across the isolationbarrier through capacitor 209. Therefore, although no average currentflows through capacitors 209 and 210, average current can be suppliedfrom V_(DD) to receive circuit ground to operate clock recovery circuit216 and decoder circuit 217. Load capacitor 624 operates to minimizesupply ripple on the DC supply voltage established on node V_(DD).

Referring to the embodiment shown in FIG. 6B, isolation capacitor 209connects to node 646 and isolation capacitor 210 connects to node 647.The source node of n-channel MOSFET 641 and the source node of p-channelMOSFET 642 connect to node 646. Also connected to node 646 are the gatesof n-channel MOSFET 643 and p-channel MOSFET 644. The source node ofn-channel MOSFET 643 and the source node of p-channel MOSFET 644 connectto node 647. Also connected to node 647 are the gates of n-channelMOSFET 641 and p-channel MOSFET 642. The drains of devices 641 and 643are connected to the ground node of the receiving circuit. The drains ofdevices 642 and 644 are connected to the node 220, which provides V_(DD)voltage for the isolated circuitry. Also connected to V_(DD) node 220are load capacitor C_(L) 645 and the power supply inputs of clockrecovery circuit 216 and decoder circuit 217 as shown in FIG. 2.

Referring to the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6B, theoperation of the active diode bridge used in differential digitalcommunication will now be described. A differential digital signal isreceived through capacitors 209 and 210. When a digital ‘high’ signal isreceived through capacitor 209, a corresponding digital ‘low’ signal isreceived through capacitor 210, and node 646 goes high while node 647goes low. This condition turns on devices 642 and 643 while turning offdevices 641 and 644. Consequently, current flows through capacitor 209,device 642, from V_(DD) to ground through capacitor C_(L) and throughclock recovery circuitry 216 and decoder circuitry 217 shown in FIG. 2.The circuit is completed from receive circuit ground 650, through device643 and finally returning across the isolation barrier through capacitor210. The current demand on V_(DD) must be limited so that the voltage onnode 646 relative to node 650 can be recognized as a high logic levelsignal by the clock recovery and decoder circuitry.

When a digital ‘low’ signal is received through capacitor 209, a digital‘high’ signal is received through capacitor 210, and node 646 goes lowwhile node 647 goes high. This condition turns on devices 641 and 644while turning off devices 642 and 643. Consequently current flowsthrough capacitor 210 and device 644 to V_(DD) node 220, and from thereto ground through capacitor 645 and through clock recovery and decodercircuitry shown in FIG. 2. The circuit is completed from ground 650,through device 641 and finally returning across the isolation barrierthrough capacitor 209. Therefore, in either logic state, andindependently of the current flow direction through capacitors 209 and210, current flows in the same direction from V_(DD) to ground.Therefore, an average or DC supply voltage is established on nodeV_(DD), and adequate current can be supplied to operate clock recoverycircuit 216 and decoder circuit 217. Load capacitor 645 operates tominimize power supply ripple, providing a filtering operation on V_(DD).An added benefit of the ability to power sections of the isolatedcircuitry from the digital signal transmitted across the capacitiveisolation barrier from the powered circuitry is that it allows isolatedpower-up and power-down control of isolated circuitry sections on anas-needed basis.

Parasitic bipolar transistors may result from typical CMOS processes. Ifthey are not controlled, these bipolar transistors can discharge thepower supply 627 shown in FIG. 6A during the initial power up time. Ifthe discharge current from the parasitic bipolar transistors is largerthan the current delivered to the power supply 627 through transistor622, then the circuit may not power up to the desired full voltagelevel. The beta of a lateral bipolar transistor in any CMOS process is afunction of layout. With appropriate layout (i.e., large base region),the beta can be kept small enough to minimize undesired dischargecurrents. Further care needs to be taken in the design of any circuitthat is connected to power supply 627. The circuits connected to powersupply 627 cannot draw more current from the power supply than isavailable from the active diode bridge, even before the supply hasramped to the full value. Circuit design techniques to address theseissues are common and well known in the art.

In the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 2, delta-sigma digital toanalog converter (DAC) 208 receives input data from decoder 217 andsynchronous clock input from clock recovery circuit 216. Analog outputsignal 218 is generated by DAC 208 in response to the digital data thatis communicated across the capacitive isolation barrier. The outputsignal 218 is highly immune to amplitude and phase noise that may beintroduced in the barrier circuitry because the signal that iscommunicated across the isolation capacitors is a synchronous digitalsignal, and because the received data is resynchronized to therecovered, jitter-filtered clock signal. The DAC is also timed by thatclock signal. Delta-sigma DAC technology is well known in the art, andselecting a suitable DAC circuit will be a matter of routine designchoice directed to the intended application of the barrier circuit. See,for example, P. Naus et al., A CMOS Stereo 16-Bit D/A Converter forDigital Audio, IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, June 1987, pp.390-395, which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 7 illustrates a preferred bidirectional embodiment of the presentinvention. It will be recognized that other unidirectional andbidirectional isolation barriers may be designed by persons skilled inthe art using the principles described herein, and that such barrierswill fall within the scope of this invention. In the illustrated anddescribed embodiment, the capacitive isolation system comprises a“transmit” system to the left of center, a “receive” system to the rightof center, and a capacitive isolation barrier in the center of thefigure comprising two high voltage capacitors 705 and 706. Note that theterms “transmit” and “receive” are used to identify the powered andisolated sides of the barrier, respectively, and that in this embodimentdata may be conveyed across the-barrier in both directions. Many of thecomponents in this bidirectional embodiment are identical or similar tothose in the unidirectional embodiment described above with reference toFIG. 2.

The transmit system includes delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter 701operable on the analog input 720 of the transmit circuit andsynchronized to clock signal 722 from oscillator 704. The analog input720 of the transmit system is an analog signal containing information tobe transmitted across the isolation barrier, which may be for example ananalog voice signal to be coupled to a telephone system. Digital output724 of the delta-sigma ADC may be time-division multiplexed with digitalcontrol input 726 by the encoder circuit 702. Digital control input 726is a digital signal containing additional information to be transmittedacross isolation barrier 705, 706. Digital control input 726 may includecontrol information for analog circuitry on the receiving side of theisolation barrier. Encoder circuit 702 also formats the resulting datastream into a coding scheme that allows for robust clock recovery on thereceiving side of the isolation barrier, as is described above.

Encoder circuit 702 also receives a clock signal 722 from oscillator704. Driver circuit 703 of the transmit system drives the encoded signalto isolation capacitors 705 and 706 in response to the output of encodercircuit 702.

The isolation barrier comprises two high voltage capacitors 705, 706. Inone embodiment, capacitor 705 is driven bidirectionally by drivers 703,713 while capacitor 706 provides a return path across the isolationbarrier. In another embodiment of the present invention, capacitors 705and 706 are differentially driven by digital driver circuits 703, 713.

A preferred embodiment of the receive system, shown to the right ofisolation capacitors 705, 706 in FIG. 7 includes clock recovery circuit707, whose inputs are connected to isolation capacitors 705, 706. Theclock recovery circuit recovers a clock signal from the digital datadriven across the isolation barrier and provides synchronized clocksignal 730 to the various circuits in the receive system. The recoveredclock operates as the time base for decoder 708 and delta-sigmadigital-to-analog converter 709. Decoder section 708 separates the timedivision multiplexed data and control information, providing digitalcontrol output 732 to other circuitry, and providing synchronous datasignal 734 as an input to delta-sigma DAC 709. The delta-sigma DAC 709,with digital input 734 supplied by decoder 708, and clock signal 730supplied by clock recovery section 707, operates synchronously with thetransmit system delta-sigma ADC 701 and provides analog output 736 onthe receiving side of the isolation barrier. Active diode bridge 710 isconnected to isolation capacitors 705 and 706 and supplies a DC powersupply voltage to clock recovery circuit 707 and decoder circuit 708 bydrawing current from the digital signal transmitted across the isolationbarrier, as is described in detail above. Driver 713 must remaintri-stated until decoder 708 has detected a valid frame, indicatingsuccessful power-up of the receive circuit sections.

The embodiment shown in FIG. 7 also enables communication from thereceive system to the transmit system, or from right to left across theisolation capacitors as illustrated. The receive system encoder circuit712 and driver circuit 713 cooperate to communicate information backfrom the receive system to the decoder circuit 714 in the transmitsystem. Receive system encoder section 712 receives a clock input 730from clock recovery section 707, and is thereby synchronized to thetransmit system oscillator 704 and encoder 702. This synchronizationallows transmission in each direction to occur in distinct time slots.In time slots where transmit driver 703 is operable to transmitinformation from the transmit system to the receive system, receivedriver 713 is tri-stated or disabled. Alternatively, in time slots wherereceive driver 713 is operable to transmit information back from thereceive system to the transmit system, transmit driver 703 is tri-statedor disabled. In this manner, bidirectional communication may beestablished across a single pair of high voltage isolation capacitors.

Digital control input 738 of the receive system is a digital signalcontaining information to be communicated across the isolation barrier,including control information for analog circuitry on the transmitsystem side of the barrier. The receive system also includes delta-sigmaADC 711 operable on analog input signal 740 so that the informationcontained in analog signal 740 on the receive system side of theisolation barrier can be conveyed across the barrier in digital form andthen accurately reproduced on the transmit system side of the barrier.The receive system delta-sigma ADC 711 receives its clock input fromclock recovery circuit 707, and is thereby synchronized with transmitsystem oscillator 704. Digital output signal 742 generated by receivesystem ADC 711 may be time-division multiplexed with receive systemdigital control input 738 in encoder section 712.

In the transmit system, decoder circuit 714 is connected to isolationcapacitors 705, 706 to receive signals therefrom, identify signalsrepresenting information coming from the receive system. Decoder 714then extracts the digital control information from the data streamreceived from the receive circuit, and passes data signal 744 generatedby delta-sigma ADC 711 to transmit system delta-sigma DAC 715. Decoder714 also latches and retimes the data received across the barrier tosynchronize it with clock signal 722, which is generated by oscillator704, thereby eliminating the effects of phase noise interference andother sources of jitter in the synchronous digital signal. Circuits thatare suitable for performing these decoder functions are well known inthe art.

Transmit system delta-sigma DAC 715 receives its clock input fromoscillator 704 and is thereby synchronized to receive system ADC 711.Transmit system DAC 715 provides a reconstructed analog data outputsignal 746, thereby completing the communication of analog informationback from the receive system to the transmit system.

In summary, FIG. 7 describes a bidirectional communication system forconveying analog and digital information across a capacitive isolationbarrier. The barrier itself is inexpensive, since only two high voltageisolation capacitors are required for synchronous, bidirectionalcommunication. The barrier is a reliable communication channel becausethe digital signals communicated across the barrier are insensitive toamplitude and phase noise interference that may be introduced at theisolation barrier.

A more detailed description of a clock recovery circuit suitable for usein this invention with the coding scheme of FIG. 4 will now be provided,with reference to FIG. 8. Clock recovery PLL 805 has data input 530,data output 546 and recovered clock signal output 544. Phase detector810 has inputs DATA 530 and feedback clock signal CK2 545. The outputsof phase detector 810 are SPEED-UP1 and SLOW-DOWN1 signals, both ofwhich are connected to inputs of phase detector charge pump 816.Frequency detector 818 has inputs DATA 530 and output clock signal CK4544. The outputs of frequency detector 818 are signals designatedSPEED-UP2 and SLOW-DOWN2, which are connected to the inputs of frequencydetector charge pump 824. The outputs of phase detector charge pump 816and frequency detector charge pump 824 are connected together and arealso connected to the input of voltage controlled oscillator (“VCO”) 535and one terminal of resistor 533. The other terminal of resistor 533 isconnected to one terminal of capacitor 534. The other terminal ofcapacitor 534 is connected to ground. The output of VCO 535 is the CK2signal 545. The clock input of flip-flop 826 is connected to CK2 545.The Q-bar output of flip-flop 826 is connected to the D input offlip-flop 826. The Q and Q-bar outputs of flip-flop 826 are connected tothe inputs of multiplexer (mux) 828. The control input 830 of mux 828 iscalled MUX CONTROL and comes from the framing logic, which is describedelsewhere in this specification. The output of mux 828 is the CK4 signal544. The D input of flip-flop 542 is connected to data input 530. Theclock input of flip-flop 542 is connected to the CK4 signal 544. The Qoutput of flip-flop 542 is the resynchronized DATAOUT signal 546, whichis sent to the frame detect logic.

Frequency detector 818 is dominant over phase detector 810 when thefrequency of the DATA and CK4 signals are different. Once the frequencyof the DATA and CK4 signals are substantially similar, the SPEED-UP2 andSLOW-DOWN2 signals become inactive and phase detector 810 becomesdominant. Separate charge pumps for the phase detector and frequencydetector allow for independent control of the gain of the phase detectorand frequency detector circuits. Alternatively, if independent gains arenot required, then the SPEED-UP1 and SPEED-UP2 signals could belogically ORed together to drive one charge pump. And likewise theSLOW-DOWN1 and SLOW-DOWN2 signals could be logically ORed together todrive the other input to the charge pump.

The output of VCO 535 is the CK2 signal, which is divided by two infrequency by flip-flop 826. Since CK2 is divided by two to generate thebit rate clock signal CK4, there can be two phases of CK4 with respectto the start of a bit period. The phase of CK4 that will yield correctoperation of the frequency detector is the one where the rising edge ofCK4 aligns with the start of a bit period. The frame-detect logic isneeded to detect the start of a bit interval and is used to select theappropriate phase of CK4 using mux 828.

It will be appreciated that a clock recovery circuit according to thisinvention, such as that illustrated in FIG. 8 or FIG. 15, may bebeneficially used to recover and stabilize a clock signal on theisolated side of the barrier where the clock signal is conveyed viaisolation elements that are separate from the isolation elements thatare used to transfer the data signal.

A preferred embodiment of a decoder circuit 708 is shown in FIG. 11.Shift register 840 has an input connected to the DATAOUT signal 546 fromclock recovery circuit 805 and is clocked by recovered clock signal CK4.Multi-bit output 842 of shift register 840 is connected to frame-detectlogic 844 and to demux logic 846. Frame detect logic 844 has one outputconnected to mux control logic 848 and one output connected to demuxlogic 846. Demux logic 846 is clocked by CK4. Counter 850 is alsoclocked by CK4. The output of counter 850 is connected to mux controllogic 848. The output of mux control logic 848 is the MUX-CONTROL signal830 sent to the clock recovery PLL 805 to select the proper phase forthe CK4 signal. The outputs of demux logic 846 are the DEMUXED DATAsignal and the CONTROL signal.

Shift register 840 stores a predetermined number of bits of the serialDATAOUT signal 546. Frame-detect logic 844 operates on this data anddetects when a frame signal is received. Many possible framing signalformats can be used. A format that may be used in a presently preferredembodiment is shown in FIG. 12. Data 860 is alternated with framingsignals 862 and control signals. In the framing format shown in thisfigure, one control signal (off hook) 864 is sent for every eight databits. The remaining seven bits in the frame of sixteen are used forframe synchronization. The illustrated framing signal is six onesfollowed by a zero in the control signal field. The data signal may beguaranteed to not have more than five ones in a row so that it will notbe mistaken for a framing signal. Many other framing formats arepossible to allow for different data signal properties and to permit theuse of additional control bits.

Once the frame detect logic 844 detects six one's followed by a zero inthe control signal field, mux control logic 848 is set to maintain thephase of the CK4 signal. If after a predetermined number of CK4 clockcycles a framing signal is not detected, then counter 850 will cause muxcontrol logic 848 to change the phase of CK4 using mux 828 (FIG. 8).Counter 850 will then be reset, and frame detect logic 844 will againattempt to detect the selected framing signal so as to achievesynchronization. Only the correct phase of CK4 will achieve framesynchronization. Once frame synchronization is achieved, demux logic 846can correctly decode control and data signals.

The specific structure and operation of frame detect logic 844, demuxlogic 846, and mux control logic 848 is dependent upon the selectedframing format, the selected multiplexing scheme, and other designchoices. The detailed design of this circuitry is within the ordinaryskill in the art and is omitted from this description of a preferredembodiment.

Exemplary embodiments of phase and frequency detectors 810, 818 areshown in FIGS. 9 and 10. Referring to FIG. 9, phase detector 810 hasinput signals CK2 and DATA and output signals SPEED-UP1 and SLOW-DOWN1.A two input NAND gate 860 has inputs DATA and CK2 and its output isconnected to one input of NAND gate 862. A two input NOR gate 864 alsohas inputs DATA and CK2 and its output is connected to the input ofinverter 866. A two input NAND gate 868 has one input connected to theoutput of the inverter 866 and one input connected to the output of NANDgate 862. NAND gate 862 has one input that is connected to the output ofNAND gate 860 and the other input connected to the output of NAND gate868. A three input AND gate 870 has one input connected to the output ofinverter 872, another input connected to the DATA signal and anotherinput connected to the output of NAND gate 862. The output of AND gate870 is the SLOW-DOWN1 signal. The input of inverter 872 is connected tothe CK2 signal. A three input AND gate 874 has one input connected tothe output of NAND gate 862, another input is connected to the CK2signal and another input is connected to the output of inverter 876. Theoutput of AND gate 874 is the SPEED-UP1 signal. The input of inverter876 is connected to receive the DATA signal.

In the illustrated embodiment, phase detector 810 compares the phase onthe falling edges of DATA and CK2 after both signals are high at thesame time. NAND gates 862 and 868 form a set-reset type latch. The latchgets “set” such that the output of NAND gate 862 is high when both theDATA and CK2 signals are high. The latch gets “reset” such that theoutput of NAND gate 862 is low when both DATA and CK2 are low. When thelatch is “set” (i.e., both DATA and CK2 are high), AND gates 870 and 874are enabled. Once the AND gates 870 and 874 are enabled they can comparethe falling edges of CK2 and DATA to determine which signal goes lowfirst. If DATA goes low first, then the SPEED-UP1 signal will go highuntil CK2 also goes low, indicating that oscillator 535 needs tooscillate faster in order to achieve phase alignment with the DATAsignal. If the CK2 signal goes low first then the SLOW-DOWN1 signal willgo high until DATA also goes low, indicating that oscillator 535 shouldoscillate slower in order to achieve phase alignment with the DATAsignal. The SPEED-UP1 and SLOW-DOWN1 signals are connected to phasedetector charge-pump 816.

A preferred embodiment of frequency detector 818 is shown in FIG. 10.The inputs to frequency detector 818 are the DATA and CK4 signals andthe outputs are the SPEED-UP2 and SLOW-DOWN2 signals. Delay cell 880 hasits input connected to CK4 and output connected to one input of NOR gate882. The delay cell 880 consists of an even number of capacitivelyloaded inverter stages or other delay generating circuitry and is wellknown in the art. The output of inverter 884 is connected to the otherinput of NOR gate 882 and the input of inverter 884 is connected to CK4.The output 886 of NOR gate 882 is reset pulse that occurs on the risingedge of CK4, and is connected to the reset input of D flip-flops 888,890, and 892. The input of inverter 895 is connected to DATA. The outputof inverter 895 is connected to the clock input of D flip-flops 888,890, and 892. The D input of flip-flop 888 is connected to V_(DD). TheD-input of flip-flop 890 is connected to the Q-output of flip-flop 888.The D-input of flip-flop 892 is connected to the Q-output of flip-flop890. D flip-flops 894 and 896 have their clock inputs connected to CK4.The D input of flip-flop 894 is connected to the Q output of flip-flop888. The D-input of flip-flop 896 is connected to the Q-output offlip-flop 890. The input of inverter 898 is connected to the Q-output offlip-flop 894, and the output of inverter 898 is the SLOW-DOWN2 signal.OR gate 900 provides the SPEED-UP2 signal. One input of OR gate 900 isconnected to the Q-output of flip-flop 896, and the other input isconnected to the Q-output of flip-flop 892. The SPEED-UP2 and SLOW-DOWN2signals are connected to the frequency-detector charge pump 824.

The illustrated embodiment of frequency detector 818 counts the numberof DATA pulses within one CK4 cycle. The frequency of CK4 should equalto the bit rate of the DATA pattern. Suitable encoding used for the DATAsignal will ensure that there will be only one CK4 rising edge for eachdata pulse falling edge, if the frequency of CK4 is equal to the datarate. If the CK4 frequency is equal to the data rate then the Q-outputof flip-flop 888 will be high prior to each rising edge of CK4 and theQ-outputs of flip-flops 890 and 892 will be low prior to each risingedge of CK4. If the Q-output of flip-flop 888 is low prior to the risingedge of CK4 then the SLOW-DOWN2 signal will go high for the duration ofthe next CK4 cycle, signaling that oscillator 535 should slow down. Ifthe Q-output of flip-flop 890 is high prior to the rising edge of CK4,then the SPEED-UP2 signal will go high for the duration of the next CK4cycle signaling that the oscillator should speed up.

Another exemplary data coding scheme that may be used in an isolationsystem constructed in accordance with this invention is shown in FIG.14. In this scheme, each bit period 570 is split into four fields. Thefirst field 572 is referred to as the clock field and is always highindependent of the data being transferred. The second field 574, whichmay occupy the second quarter of the bit period 570, contains theforward-going (from transmit side to receive side) data bit. This databit can be either the delta-sigma data bit or a control bit or anydesired type of encoding bit, in accordance with the requirements of theapplication in which the invention is used. The third field 576, whichmay occupy the third quarter of the bit period, is always low to ensureenough signal transitions to provide for power transmission in theforward path along with the first two fields, at least one of which ishigh in each bit period. The forward (transmit side) driver circuit istri-stated during the fourth field 578, thus allowing for datatransmission in the opposite direction across the isolation capacitor.Of course, this particular coding scheme is provided as an example, andmany other coding schemes may be devised that will be operable in thevarious embodiments of the present invention.

It is desirable to use the logic “1” that is present at the beginning ofeach bit period for clock recovery, since it is always present atperiodic intervals. However, if the reverse data bit from the previousbit period is a one, the rising edge at the beginning of the next bitperiod will not be readily seen by a logic gate and therefore will notbe useful for clock recovery. To mitigate this effect and to allowreliable clock recovery, every fourth bit in the reverse field may beguaranteed to be zero by the encoding algorithms that are employed. Thetotal frame length can be increased if more control bits need to be sentacross the barrier in the reverse direction. Every fourth clock edge(the one associated with a zero in the previous reverse bit field ) maythen be used for clock recovery.

A block diagram of an exemplary PLL circuit that can perform clockrecovery in accordance with the coding scheme of FIG. 14 is shown inFIG. 15. The forward data (conveyed from the transmit side to thereceive side) is connected to divide-by-four counter 800. The output ofcounter 800 is connected to phase-frequency detector 801. The output ofphase-frequency detector 801 is connected to charge pump 802. The outputof charge pump 802 is connected to the input of loop filter 803. Theoutput of loop filter 803 is connected to the input of voltagecontrolled oscillator (VCO) 804. The output of VCO 804 is the bit clockused for synchronizing the received data signal and for providing aclock signal to the receive side circuitry. The output of VCO 804 isalso connected to the input of divide-by-four counter 805. The output ofcounter 805 is connected to the other input of phase-frequency detector801. The phase-frequency detector 801 and the other circuits in theillustrated clock recovery circuit of FIG. 15 are well known in the art,and the specific circuitry selected for a particular application wouldbe a matter of routine design choice.

As mentioned above with reference to FIG. 1, a typical application forisolation barriers is to isolate a communication system (such as atelephone, modem, etc.) from the public phone system. Moreover, asmentioned above with reference to FIG. 16, typical telephone systemsutilize a number of undesirable features for implementing hookswitchinterface, caller ID interface, and ringer interface functions. Animproved telephone system utilizing capacitive isolation barriers andimproved interface functions is described below with reference to FIGS.17 and 18. As shown in FIG. 17, the TIP line 1602 and RING line 1604 areprovided to the communication system 110. The diode bridge 1606 receivesthe TIP line 1602 and RING line 1604 and provides an output to theexternal hookswitch devices 1702. A communication line 1705 couples theexternal hookswitch devices to the line side circuits 118. The line sidecircuits 118 are circuits isolated from external powers sources, such aspower source 112, by an isolation barrier 120. The isolation barrier 120may be a capacitive isolation barrier as describe above.

Phone line interface circuitry, such as a hookswitch, caller ID andringer interface circuit 1704 is provided within the line side circuitry118. The hookswitch, caller ID and ringer interface circuitry 1704 iscoupled to the external hookswitch devices through line 1705 and groundthrough line 1707. The phone line loop current utilized by the line sidecircuits 118 is shown as I_(loop). The hookswitch, caller ID and ringerinterface circuitry 1704 is also coupled directly to the TIP line 1602and the RING line 1604 through a capacitive interface 1703. Thecapacitive interface 1703 may be comprised of three high voltage (suchas 300 V) capacitors 1703 a, 1703 b, and 1703 c having capacitances of2200 pF, 2200 pF and 5600 pF respectively. Bidirectional input/outputlines 1706 may be provided from the hookswitch, caller ID and ringerinterface circuitry 1704 for communication through the isolation barrier120 to the user powered circuits 116.

The user powered circuits 116 may include ringer timing circuitry 1708.The ringer timing circuitry may bidirectionally communicate through line1710 and the isolation barrier 120 to ringer circuits within thehookswitch, caller ID and ringer interface circuitry 1704 in the lineside circuit 118. The ring detection output may be provided on outputline 1719 to a ring detection output pin 1720 of the user poweredcircuit 116. Alternatively, the ring detection output 1719 may beprovided at the ADC data port pin 1718 by use of a mux 1716. Mux 1716may be utilized to multiplex the ringer detection output 1719 and asignal line 1712 containing caller ID data from an ADC output from theline side circuit 118. The mux 1716 may operate in response to a callerID field signal 1714 so that when caller ID information is present onthe TIP and RING lines, caller ID information is presented at the ADCdata port pin 1718 and when ringing information is present on the TIPand RING lines, ring detection information is presented at the ADC dataport pin 1718. In this manner the ADC data port may reflect activity onthe TIP/RING loop during ringing, caller ID fields, and off-hookoperations.

FIG. 18 illustrates a more detailed view of some of the circuits of thehookswitch, caller ID and ringer interface circuitry 1704. As shown inFIG. 18, input line 1705 provides the TIP and RING signal information tointegrated hookswitch circuits 1810. The integrated hookswitch circuits1810 are those portions of the hookswitch circuitry integrated withinthe line side integrated circuit 118 (as opposed to portions of thehookswitch circuitry which may be off chip as designated by the externalhookswitch devices 1702 as shown in FIG. 17). The hookswitch circuitryis discussed in more detail below. The ground line 1707 is also coupledto the integrated hookswitch circuits 1810. The TIP and RING informationis also coupled into the hookswitch, caller ID and ringer interfacecircuitry 1704 through a capacitive interface 1703. The TIP and RINGinformation coupled through the capacitive interface 1703 may beprovided to a ringer burst circuit 1802 and to a mux 1812. The mux 1812operates in response to a control signal 1815. The control signal 1815may be provided to indicate when caller ID information is present on theTIP and RING lines. Thus when caller ID information is present on thephone line, the caller ID information may be provided from the TIP andRING lines to an ADC 1814 for conversion to digital data which may thenbe transmitted across the isolation barrier 120. In other cases whencaller ID information is not present (such as in an offhook situation),the mux 1812 may provide data from the integrated hookswitch circuits tothe ADC 1814 for conversion to digital data which may then betransmitted across the isolation barrier 120. A power supply line 1816may be provided to a variety of circuits such as the mux 1812 and theADC 1814 from power obtained from the phone line through the hookswitchcircuits. As discussed in more detail below, power may be supplied evenin conditions when the hookswitch is not normally closed (an on-hookcondition). Bidirectional communication from the ringer burst circuit1802 to the user powered circuit 116 may be provided on communicationline 1817 through the isolation barrier as also discussed below infurther detail.

The communication system of FIGS. 17 and 18 allows for a number ofadvantageous system features to be utilized. Some of these features maybe utilized independent of the use of an isolation barrier. In apreferred embodiment these features may be utilized in conjunction witha system that has a capacitive isolation barrier which allows forbidirectional digital communication across the isolation barrier. Theseadvantageous system features are discussed below.

Low Voltage Line Side Circuits Powered By The Phone Line

In one embodiment, the communication system of FIGS. 17 and 18 allowsfor the use of a power supply budget such that portions of the line sidecircuit 118 may be powered from the telephone line while using standardelectronic devices for the hookswitch circuits and the diode bridgecircuit. Thus, expensive low voltage drop devices need not be utilizedfor the hookswitch devices and the diode bridge diodes as in the priorart. More particularly, at least some of the analog to digitalconverters and digital to analog converters (generally “converters” asused herein) utilized in the line side circuitry may be low voltageconverters. As used herein a low voltage converter may generally be aconverter operating at approximately 2.5 V or less, and moreparticularly at 2.0 V or less.

The power supply budget advantages of the use of such low voltageconverters may be seen with respect to FIG. 17. The TIP line 1602 andthe RING line 1604 typically provides both signal data and power bysuperimposing the signal data on a power supply voltage. A regulatedvoltage may be obtained from the power supply voltage and utilized forpowering circuits such as analog to digital converters and digital toanalog converters in the line side circuit 118. The maximum value of theregulated voltage that may be obtained will be dependent upon thevoltage level at the line side circuit input 1736. The voltage level atinput 1736 will in turn be dependent upon the voltage drop across theresistor R, the voltage drop across the external hookswitch devices1702, the voltage drop across the diode bridge 1606 and the DC phoneline voltage.

Typically in the United States, the DC phone line voltage measured atTIP and RING in an off-hook condition can be no greater than 7.7 V (at20 mA loop current). If standard silicon p-n diodes are utilized for thediode bridge (0.7 to 0.8 V drop each) the maximum voltage drop acrossthe diode bridge may be approximately 1.6 V. Further, if the hookswitchis formed with standard bipolar transistors an on-hook voltage drop ofapproximately 1 V will result. Finally, a typically resistance of 50ohms used within the external hookswitch circuitry results in anadditional voltage drop of 1 V. Thus, the average DC voltage at input1736 may be approximately 4.1 V. However, the available voltage togenerate a regulated voltage for use within the line side circuit isactually smaller as a result of a number of factors. First, the minimuminstantaneous value of the voltage at input 1736 will be decreased bythe maximum signal size of the data signal superimposed on the phoneline voltage, thus further lowering the maximum regulated voltage value.Moreover, the line side circuit 118 often may exhibit a 5% variation inits ability to generate an regulated voltage. Thus, the maximum voltagefor the regulated voltage generated may be approximately 2.5 V. In orderto allow 0.5 voltage headroom to operate the voltage regulator in apreferred embodiment, the maximum regulated voltage may be 2.0 V.Assuming a 5% variation in the regulated voltage, the line side circuitsto be powered from the phone line may be designed to operate at powersupply voltage of 1.9 V+/−0.1 V.

Thus, a communication system is provided in which line side convertersmay be powered from the phone line while using standard hookswitch anddiode devices without the need for expensive low voltage drop hookswitchand diode devices. For example, low voltage converters may be poweredfrom the phone line. The low voltage converters may operate off a lowvoltage power supply of approximately 2.5 V or less, more preferably mayoperate off a low voltage power supply of approximately 2.0 V or less,and in one embodiment 1.9 V converters may be utilized. Moreover, thecommunication system disclosed herein allows for the generation of aregulated voltage through the hookswitch devices for use with lowvoltage circuitry within the line side circuits 118 during both on-hookand off-hook conditions as described below in more detail.

Capacitive Coupled Ring Detection Circuitry

In another embodiment, the communication system of FIGS. 17 and 18provides a capacitive isolation barrier in which at least a portion ofthe ring detection circuits may be integrated into the line side circuit118. Moreover the ring detection circuits on the phone line side of theisolation barrier may be powered at least in part by power transmittedfrom the powered side of the isolation barrier to the phone line side ofthe isolation barrier through the barrier capacitors.

The system shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 has at least a portion of the ringdetection circuitry incorporated into circuits on the phone line side ofthe isolation barrier. As shown in FIGS. 17 and 18, the ringer burstcircuitry 1802 may be included in the line side circuit 118. Because theringer burst circuitry 1802 is integrated in the line side circuit 118,discrete opto-isolators and rectifiers are not needed for connection tothe TIP/RING lines. Rather a capacitive interface 1703 may directlyconnect the ringer circuitry to the TIP/RING lines. Moreover, becausethe ringer circuitry is formed in integrated logic, the detectorcircuitry may be software programmable for the different ringerrequirements of various countries, as opposed to discrete detectorswhich require external component changes to comply with each ringerrequirement.

The capacitive interface 1703 operates to linearly attenuate theTIP/RING signal voltage levels from the high phone line levels to levelswithin integrated circuit technology limitations. More particularly, theinterface linearly attenuates the TIP/RING signal at least over voltageranges that would include the signal voltage ranges utilized for thecaller ID field. For example, the capacitors 1703 a and 1703 b may be300 V capacitors having capacitances of 2200 pF and 2200 pF respectivelyand capacitor 1703 may be a 5600 pF 50 V capacitor. This interface wouldlinearly attenuate the TIP/RING signal by a factor of approximately0.164. These capacitors may be discrete capacitors located off-chip ofthe integrated circuit line side circuit 118.

Such a capacitive interface (without being coupled to the line sideintegrated circuit) would then linearly attenuate the TIP/RING signalduring ringing conditions from a typical 40 to 140 Vrms ring signal (forexample with U.S. standards) to an approximately 7 to 23 Vrms input tothe line side circuit 118. For the caller ID information which typicallyis less than 5 Vrms, the interface attenuates the caller ID informationto a signal of less than 1 Vrms. The ring signal may be furtherattenuated by clipping the signal through the use of the integratedcircuit input protection devices (ESD devices) such that, for example,any signal at the input to the line side integrated circuit 118 greaterthan approximately 4.2 V peak is clipped. Thus for voltage levels thatinclude the maximum Caller ID voltage or less, the TIP/RING signal islinearly attenuated. In one embodiment, such a method for interfacingthe TIP/RING signal may be implemented by selecting a ring detectionthreshold to be a TIP/RING signal of 18 Vrms or greater. Thus for asignal less than 18 Vrms on the TIP/RING line, a ring will not bedetected and for a TIP/RING line voltage of greater than 18 Vrms a ringwill be detected. At 18 Vrms, the TIP/RING line voltage will beattenuated by the capacitive interface to a signal of approximate 2.95Vrms. Thus, the ring detector may be set to identify a ringing event ifits input is greater than 2.95 Vrms. Any ringing signals which areclipped within the line side integrated circuit 118 will have exceededthe 18 Vrms TIP/RING threshold and be detected as a ringing event. Inthis manner the TIP/RING signals are input as linearly attenuatedsignals over the voltage ranges of significance and any signal which isnon-linearly attenuated (clipped in this case) will have alreadysurpassed the ring threshold and thus be detected as a ringing event.

Moreover because the ringer burst circuitry 1802 may be located on theline side of the isolation barrier, the interface 1703 does not requirethe use of expensive opto-isolators or other isolation barriers.Further, the ringer burst circuitry 1802 may be powered from powersources across the capacitive isolation barrier 120 because thecapacitive isolation barrier 120 described above allows for theextraction of power from digital signals passed from the user poweredcircuit 116 to the line side circuit 118.

Separation Of Ringer Detection Functions

A communication system such as shown in FIG. 17 generally must performthe a ring detection function. As mentioned above, the ringing burstsare time signals which may also include embedded caller ID information.Thus, the ring detection circuitry must generally perform a number offunctions including detecting ringing bursts, generating logic timingsignals indicating the location of the caller ID data between the firstand second ring burst, and generating logic timing signals indicatingthe end of an ring event. Typical prior art ring detection circuitsimplemented all of the ring detection functions through circuits placedon the powered side of the isolation barrier (a barrier such as anopto-isolator/rectifier circuit).

However as shown in FIGS. 17 and 18, the communication system 110 of thepresent invention may utilize ring detection circuitry on both sides ofthe isolation barrier 120. More particularly, the ring detectioncircuitry may include ring burst circuitry 1802 on the phone line sideof the isolation barrier (within line side circuit 118) and ringertiming circuits 1708 on the powered side of the isolation barrier(within user powered circuit 116). The ring burst circuitry 1802 detectsring bursts on the TIP/RING lines and converts the bursts into a logicsignal representing the burst peaks. The digital burst peak signal maythen be transmitted on output line 1817 through the isolation barrier120 to the ringer timing circuits 1708. The ringer timing circuits 1708then perform the timing functions such as identifying the location ofthe caller ID field and the end of ringing. The outputs of the ringingtiming circuits may then be provided to circuits on either side of theisolation barrier. For example, output 1719 of the ringer timing circuit1708 may be presented to output pins of the user powered circuit 116 andthe ringer timing circuit 1708 may also generate the caller ID fieldsignal 1714 utilized in the user powered circuit 116. Further, timingsignals may be transmitted back across the isolation barrier, such asfor example, the control signal 1815 which is utilized in the line sidecircuit 118.

The division of the ring detection circuitry between both sides of theisolation barrier provides advantageous features. Generally it isdesirable to minimize the circuitry on the line side of the isolationbarrier so as to decrease the amount of power which must be transmittedacross the isolation barrier and to minimize common-mode noise which maybe transmitted to the TIP/RING lines. By splitting the ring detectioncircuitry so that the ringer timing circuits 1708 are placed on thepowered side of the isolation barriers, a significant reduction in thepower usage on the phone line side of the barrier related to the ringdetection function may occur. Moreover, the use of the ringer burstcircuitry 1802 and the capacitive interface 1703 allows for transmissionof a digital signal indicative of ringer bursts across a capacitiveisolation barrier rather than more expensive barriers such asopto-isolators. Thus, the ring detection function may be accomplished ina system utilizing an efficient bidirectional capacitive barrier whilestill minimizing power usage on the line side of the barrier.

The ringer burst circuitry 1802 receives attenuated TIP and RING data onsignal lines 1703 d and 1703 e as shown in FIG. 17. In one example, theringer burst circuitry may be comprised of a four input comparator,receiving the two signal lines 1703 d and 1703 e as a differentialsignal input and two reference voltage lines as a differential voltagereference for the comparator. The voltage reference may be selected toserve as a predetermined ringing threshold level. If the TIP/RINGvoltage exceeds the set threshold level, then a ringing burst peak hasoccurred and the comparator output is a first digital state. If theTIP/RING voltage is less than the set threshold, then a ringing burstpeak has not occurred. The output of the comparator may then betransmitted on communication line 1817 across the isolation barrier tothe powered circuit 116. The voltage reference for the comparator may beset by providing V_(DD) and ground inputs to the comparator so that thevoltage reference may be between 3.5 V and 5.0 V (4.2 V in oneembodiment) depending upon the digital V_(DD) level utilized. The ringertiming circuitry 1708 may be implemented through the use of a digitalstate machine. The state machine input may be the digital ringer burstpeak signal (the output of the comparator). In response to the ringerburst signal, the state machine may indicate ringing if bursts aredetected, indicate a caller ID field if ringer has ceased forapproximately 0.5 seconds (the period between a ringing burst and acaller ID field, and indicate that ringing has ceased if anapproximately 5 second non-ringing period is detected after the lastringing burst.

Using Ringer Inputs For Caller ID Data

As described above, the TIP signal 1602 and RING signal 1604 may beprovided to the ringer circuitry as a linear output of the capacitiveinterface 1703. Because the interface 1703 provides a linear signal (asopposed to traditional ringer interface methods such as opto-isolatorswhich are non-linear), the input provided to the ringer burst circuitry1802 may also be utilized for other functions in addition to ringerdetection functions. More particularly, the outputs 1703 d and 1703 e ofthe capacitive interface 1703 may also be connected to caller IDcircuitry input lines 1804 and 1806.

Thus, as shown in FIG. 18, accurate caller ID data from the TIP/RINGsignals may be present on caller ID input lines 1804 and 1806. Thecaller ID information is then provided from lines 1804 and 1806 to a mux1812. The mux 1812 also receives a caller ID field signal 1815 thatindicates when caller ID information is present on the TIP and RINGlines. Thus when caller ID information is present, the caller ID datamay be transmitted from lines 1804 and 1806 to an analog to digitalconverter 1814 for conversion of the caller ID data to digital signals.During off-hook operations the mux 1812 may transmit the off-hook datafrom the integrated hookswitch circuits 1810 to the analog to digitalconverter 1814.

The use of common inputs for the ringer circuitry and the caller IDcircuitry eliminates the need for a separate caller ID interface.Moreover since the voltage levels on the lines 1804 and 1806 are withinstandard integrated circuit technology limitations (used with typical5.0 V, 3.3 V, or less logic), the requirement for separate (andexpensive) high voltage switches for inputting caller ID data iseliminated. Thus, the techniques shown herein lower both costs andsystem board space usage.

Loop Current During Ringing

As shown with respect to FIGS. 17 and 18 loop current (I_(loop)) may bedrawn from the TIP line 1602 and the RING line 1604. However, variousstandards such as the FCC part 68 standard limit the amount of dccurrent drawn from the phone line during various states. One figure ofmerit in the FCC part 68 standard is the “Ringer Equivalence Number”(REN) and one measure of the REN is the current drawn from the TIP/RINGlines during ringing. During ringing (an on-hook state) the REN isdefined as:REN=(maximum dc current during ringing)/(600 uA)and the maximum allowed REN value is 5 for each phone line. It isdesirable that any one communication system (for example a telephone ormodem) connected to the phone line have a low REN so that morecommunications systems can be connected to the same phone line withoutthe cumulative total REN exceeding the set standard.

The architecture shown with respect to FIGS. 17 and 18 provides a systemwhich draws virtually no (less than 10 uA) loop current during a ringingburst and only draws on-hook loop current during the caller ID field.More particularly, as noted above the ringer burst circuitry 1802 may bepowered from the powered circuitry 116 by the transmission of poweracross the isolation barrier. Thus, loop current need not be drawn fromthe TIP/RING lines during ringer bursts. Furthermore, the ADC 1814 andassociated circuitry may be powered down during on-hook conditions (andthus draw no loop current) except during the caller ID field. During thecaller ID field, current may be drawn from the TIP/RING lines to powerthe ADC 1814 as described in more detail below. Thus, during on-hookconditions the system shown herein draws virtually no loop current tooperate the ringer burst circuitry 1802 and powers the ADC 1814 downexcept during the caller ID field.

The technique discussed herein to minimize the loop current duringringer bursts and caller ID fields may still be utilized even when auser desires that the ring detector output signal be present at the ADCoutput port pin of the user powered circuit 116. As discussed above, thering detection output signal 1719 may be multiplexed through mux 1716 inorder to provide the ring detection output signal 1719 at the ADC outputport pin 1718. Because of this multiplexing, the ring detection outputmay be presented at the ADC output port pin 1718 even though the ADC ispowered down and not drawing loop current during ringing. Thus, anarchitecture is provided which minimizes the loop current drawn duringringing while still providing user flexibility as to data pin out.

Caller ID Circuits Powered Through Hookswitch Devices

As described above, in prior art communication systems external bipolarhigh voltage transistors may be utilized as hookswitches. During anon-hook condition these prior art switches may typically be turned offthus not allowing loop current to be drawn from the phone line. Duringan off-hook condition, the switches may be placed in saturation and actas a switch that “seizes” or “collapses” the phone line, i.e. draws allthe available phone line current.

The communication system disclosed herein allows for the hookswitchdevices to draw loop current from the phone line in both on-hook andoff-hook conditions. Thus, even though an on-hook condition occurs,current may be obtained through the hookswitch devices. This featureallows circuitry which operates during on-hook conditions to stillreceive power from the phone line. Moreover because the hookswitchdevices are utilized for drawing power in both on-hook and off-hookconditions, the use of additional switches dedicated to drawing thepower during on-hook conditions is not required. For example, caller IDcircuits generally operate during an on-hook condition. By utilizing thetechniques disclosed herein, loop current may be drawn from the phoneline through the hookswitch devices to power circuits used to performthe caller ID function, such as for example, the ADC 1814 as shown inFIG. 18. Thus, separate external high voltage caller ID switches are notrequired. Because the caller ID circuitry may not require as muchcurrent as is typically drawn during an off-hook condition, thehookswitch circuits may be said to be drawing power from the TIP/RINGphone lines in a low power mode during the caller ID operation and in afull power mode during the off-hook conditions.

The technique disclosed herein for drawing current through thehookswitch devices is particularly useful for communications systemswhich utilize a capacitive isolation barrier system. For example,hookswitch control circuits on the phone line side of the isolationbarrier may be powered at least in part by power transmitted across theisolation barrier. In particular, a power supply in the line sidecircuits 118 may be powered by transmissions across the isolationbarrier and this power supply be utilized to provide start up (oractivation) power to the hookswitch circuitry. Once the hookswitchcircuits are started up or activated by power from the user poweredcircuitry 116 (across the isolation barrier), the hookswitch circuitsmay then commence drawing loop current from the TIP/RING phone lines tofully power the hookswitch circuits. This use of start up or activationpower provided from across the isolation barrier may be utilized fordrawing current through the hookswitches during both on-hook (such ascaller ID) and off-hook conditions.

The circuit of FIG. 19 is an illustrative circuit for demonstrating theactivation of the hookswitch circuitry. A more detailed embodiment ofthe hookswitch circuitry demonstrating both a low power (caller ID) modeand a full power (off-hook condition) mode will be discussed withreference to FIGS. 20 and 21. As shown in FIG. 19, the hookswitchcircuit 1900 may include circuitry external to the line side circuit 118and circuitry integrated within the line side circuitry 118. Using thesame nomenclature as used in FIGS. 17 and 18, these circuits may beidentified as the external hookswitch devices 1702 and the integratedhookswitch circuits 1810. The external hookswitch devices 1702 mayinclude a resistor 1906 and high voltage bipolar transistors 1902 and1904. Current from the base of transistor 1902 to the collector oftransistor 1904 is shown as I_(c1) and the current from the collector oftransistor 1902 is show as I_(c2). The integrated hookswitch circuits1810 include a V_(DD1) power supply 1912 that delivers a start upcurrent 1914 (I_(s)). The power supply 1912 is generated from powerpassed across the isolation barrier as indicated by power supply inputline 1910. The current I_(s) is provided to the base of transistor 1904.When it is desirable to commence drawing current from the TIP/RING lines(through the diode bridge), power is transmitted across the isolationbarrier so that the current I_(s) can be delivered to the base oftransistor 1904. This then begins to turn on transistor 1902 so thatloop current can be drawn from the TIP/RING lines. As transistor 1902turns on, the current I_(c2) may then be used to generate a V_(DD3)voltage supply 1916. The V_(DD3) power supply 1916 may be used todeliver a current 1918 which further turns on transistor 1902. Astransistor 1902 turns on, the power supply 1916 also may power up otherportions of the hookswitch circuitry through output line 1920. In thismanner power transmitted across the isolation barrier may be used tostart up or activate the hookswitch devices. Then the feedback loopbegins to more fully turn on the transistor 1902 until the desired powersupplied from the phone line may be provided.

An improved hookswitch circuit 2000 for performing techniques similar tothose described above is shown in further detail in FIGS. 20 and 21.FIG. 20 illustrates the circuit 2000 during on-hook conditions whereloop current is drawn to power caller ID circuitry. FIG. 21 illustratesthe circuit 2000 during full power off-hook conditions. The circuit ofFIGS. 20 and 21 includes the circuit elements that form both theexternal hookswitch devices 1702 and the integrated hookswitch devices1810 of FIGS. 17 and 18. More particularly, the external devices ofFIGS. 20 and 21 include transistor switches 1904, 2002, and 2004,resistors 1906, 2006, and 2008, and capacitor 2010. The external devicesare coupled to the TIP/RING lines (through a diode bridge) at input2001. Transistors 1904, 2002, and 2004 may all be high voltage bipolartransistors. As shown in FIGS. 20 and 21, transistors 2002 and 2004 maybe connected in a complimentary Darlington configuration. ThisDarlington configuration may be utilized in place of the singletransistor 1902 as shown in FIG. 19. Typical resistance and capacitancevalues for the external devices are: R_(s)=51Ω, R_(BE2)=R_(BE3)=30 KΩ,and C_(s)=0.47 μF. The resistors 2006 and 2008 serve several purposes.These purposes include limiting the effective low-current (i.e. theduring the low power caller ID mode) β's of the transistors 2002 and2008 and keep low-current bandwidth of the transistors high. Further theresistors improve breakdown behavior beyond V_(BCEO). The resistor 1906(R_(s)) establishes the proper off-hook D.C. I/V characteristics. Thecapacitor 2010 C_(s) couples the off-hook analog input signal (asdiscussed in further detail below) to the circuitry which utilizes theoff-hook signal. Thus, the phone line signal in full power off-hook modeis obtained from the base of transistor 2002 through capacitor 2010. Theresistor 1906 and capacitor 2010 also help create off-hook inductivebehavior.

The remaining portions of the circuitry of FIGS. 20 and 21 may be formedin the integrated circuitry. As with the circuit of FIG. 19, the V_(DD1)power supply 1912 is generated from power transmitted across theisolation barrier and delivers a start up current 1914 (I_(s)) to thebase of transistor 1904. The creation of the V_(DD1) power supply bytransmissions across the isolation barrier may be performed by utilizingthe isolation barrier active diode bridge techniques described above,for example with reference to FIGS. 2, 6A and 6B. In one embodiment, thestart up current I_(s) may be approximately 5-12 uA for both the lowpower and full power modes.

In low power caller ID mode, it is desirable in accordance with thepresent invention to utilize the same switches as utilized in the fullpower off-hook mode. Thus transistors 1904, 2002, and 2004 which are theswitches used in the full power off-hook mode are also used in the lowpower caller ID mode. However, in caller ID mode it is desirable to onlydraw a limited amount of current from the TIP/RING phone lines asdrawing excessive current would falsely indicate to the phone systemcentral office that the communication system has gone off-hook. Thus,the hookswitch circuitry should include circuitry that when in caller IDmode keeps transistors 2002 and 2004 from turning on hard, and instead,draws only the current required by the caller ID circuitry. It isparticularly important to limit the current drawn during the start up ofthe caller ID mode as start up transient currents may be falselyindicate an off-hook condition.

The circuit of FIG. 20 will provide the necessary low power functions.More particularly, with the I_(s) current of approximately 5-12 uAgenerated from power provided across the isolation barrier, a low powercurrent of I_(LP) of approximately 800 uA may be drawn from the TIP/RINGphone lines to provide current to power on-hook circuits (such as callerID) while not falsely indicating an off-hook condition. Because the 5-12uA I_(s) base current provided to transistor 1904 will generate a lowpower current I_(LP) in excess of 800 uA, the remaining circuitry ofFIG. 20 is provided so as to limit the low power current I_(LP) to thedesired range. More particularly, current through transistor 1904 islimited by the I_(bias) current 2028, transistor 2022 and transistor2014. This in turn decreases the low power current I_(LP). To achievethe desired low power current I_(LP), I_(bias) may be set toapproximately equal to (M)(I_(s)), wherein M is the size of transistor2014 relative to transistor 2012 and M=12. Power may then be supplied tothe caller ID circuitry (or other on-hook mode circuitry) by couplingthat circuitry to the V_(REG) low power output node 1816 (also see FIG.18). The V_(REG) output node 1816 may be coupled to the V_(DD3) node2052 through transistor 2034 (M_(REG(LP))) It is desirable for V_(REG)voltage to be established with bandgap reference precision, and insteady state the V_(REG) voltage may be$V_{REG} = {\left( {1 + \frac{R_{1}}{R_{2}}} \right) \cdot {V_{REF}.}}$Thus, a voltage supply is provided for use in on-hook circuitry by theuse of the off-hook switches. In one embodiment, V_(REG) may-beapproximately 1.9+/−0.1 V.

During low power modes (when the hookswitch is operating in a forwardactive region during the caller ID mode), the use of the Darlingtonconfiguration of transistors 2002 and 2004 increases the currentfeedback loopgain (as opposed to a circuit such as in FIG. 19). Thus,the hookswitch circuitry must keep the current feedback loop stable evenin the presence of variations in the β's of the bipolar transistors1904, 2002, and 2004 and the corresponding variations in the −3 dBcurrent gain bandwidth of the transistors. The use of capacitor 2010(C_(s)) at the base of transistor 2002 helps achieve the necessarycircuit stability because when the external transistors are not insaturation the capacitor stabilizes the high gain feedback of thecircuit. The capacitor 2010 (C_(s)) helps to stabilize the caller IDfeedback regulator loop by rolling off the loopgain at the base oftransistor 2002. Transistor 2002 then effectively becomes an emitterfollower for loopgain. This connection of capacitor 2010 (C_(s)) to thebase of transistor 2002 for off-hook input signal coupling is desirableto avoid the excess current gain introduced by transistor 2002 as mayoccur with connection of the capacitor to the emitter of transistor2002. Thus, although in normal off-hook mode (transistor 2004 saturated,transistor 2002 diode-connected), the analog input signal can be coupledthrough capacitor 2010 from either the emitter or base of transistor2002, the capacitor is more effective at establishing a dominant pole incaller ID mode if the capacitor is connected to the base of transistor2002.

The 1:N feedback from transistor 2016 to the emitter of transistor 1904limits the transient current in transistor 2004 caused by the stepturn-on of the I_(s) current 1914. The impedance of transistor 2018 thenintroduces a loopgain zero; C_(s) rolls off the loopgain, but reaches afinite limit imposed by the transconductance of the transistor 2018. Thevoltage regulator capacitor 2036 (C_(REG)) then takes over, rolling offthe loopgain to the emitter of transistor 1904. Transistor 1904 operatesapproximately in common base mode, avoiding excessive current gain (andlow frequency poles) associated with common emitter configurations.Typical values for the size of transistor 2014 (M) are M=12 and typicalvalues for the size of transistor 2018 (N) are N=34. Transistors 2022and 2024 may be 1:1 sized. Other circuit element values may beapproximately V_(ref)=1.2V, resistor 2044 (R₄)=300Ω, resistor 2042(R₃)=50 kΩ, resistor 2030 (R₁)=70 kΩ, resistor 2032 (R₂)=120 kΩ,resistor 2020 1 kΩ, and C_(reg)=0.05 μF.

The load on V_(REG) may include the analog-to-digital converter (ADC)1814 (see FIG. 18) which is utilized to convert the caller IDinformation on the phone line signal to digital form for transmissionacross a capacitive isolation barrier 120. Since the hookswitch is notturned on hard in caller ID mode, the phone line signal is not availablethrough capacitor C_(s). Instead, the ADC 1814 powered through theV_(REG) output 1816 receives the caller ID signal through the capacitiveinterface 1703 and mux 1812 (see FIG. 18 and description above) whichare coupled directly to the TIP line 1602 and the RING line 1604.

In full power off-hook mode, the Darlington configuration of transistors2002 and 2004 operates such that transistor 2004 saturates, effectivelydiode connecting transistor 2002. This configuration provides someimmunity to quasi-saturation effects, allowing a 0 dBm signal to passwith low distortion as opposed to the use of a single transistor asshown in FIG. 19. When going off-hook, it is desirable that thehookswitch circuitry saturate transistor 2004 and diode connecttransistor 2002 without forcing excessive I_(c1) current since excessiveI_(c1) would diminish the available loop current at node V_(DD3) for usein other portions of the communication system. Setting I_(c1) toapproximately 4 mA is sufficient to saturate the Darlington transistorpair while not excessively diminishing the available loop current.

The configuration of the hookswitch circuit 2000 during full poweroff-hook mode is shown in FIG. 21. During off-hook conditions some ofthe circuit elements of the hookswitch circuit remain configured thesame as in the on-hook mode as shown in FIG. 20. However as furthershown in FIG. 21, in the off-hook mode some of the circuit elements ofthe hookswitch circuit 2000 are disconnected as compared to the on-hookmode and additional circuitry may be connected as described below.

As shown in the off-hook full power mode of FIG. 21, the full powercurrent I_(FP) may be provided from the phone line through resistor1906. In full power mode, the resistor 1906 may be coupled to a V_(DD3)generator 2140 for providing a V_(DD3) voltage on node 2052. The V_(DD3)generator 2140 may be configured as shown in the related U.S.application entitled “External Resistor and Method to Minimize PowerDissipation In DC Holding Circuitry For A Communication System” by Scottet al., filed concurrently herewith and incorporated herein byreference. Using V_(DD3), a reference voltage 2112 of 1.25 V may begenerated from a bandgap voltage reference 2110. The reference voltage2112 in turn is provided to an op amp 2114 which is coupled to the gateof transistor 2116 (M_(REG(FP))). The transistor 2116 (M_(REG(FP))) isutilized in the full power mode and is connected between the V_(DD3)node 2052 and the resistor 2030. Similarly, a different transistor 2034(M_(REG(LP))) (see FIG. 20) is utilized in the low power mode and isconnected between the V_(DD3) node 2052 and the resistor 2030. Dependingupon whether the circuit is operating in the full power or low powermodes, one of the two parallel connected transistors (2116 or 2034) willbe turned off by pulling its gate high as explained in more detailbelow.

As shown in FIG. 21, the drain of transistor 2116 may be coupled to theV_(REG) node 1816 and resistors 2030. The resistor 2032 is coupled toresistor 2030. The V_(REG) node 1816 may be utilized as a voltage sourcefor powering circuitry in the phone line side circuitry as also shown inFIG. 18. Thus, a voltage output at node 1816 may be coupled to othercircuitry utilized during off-hook conditions such as analog to digitalconverters, digital to analog converters, etc. By comparing FIGS. 20 and21, it may be seen be that the same V_(REG) node is utilized in bothfull power and low power modes to power the other line side circuitry(for example the ADC 1814). However, it will also be noted from FIGS. 20and 21 that the method of controlling the V_(REG) node varies dependingupon whether the system is in the full power off-hook mode or in the lowpower caller ID mode.

With reference again to FIG. 21, a bandgap voltage reference 2122generates a voltage output 2124 of 1.25 V which may be provided to theop amp 2126. The output of the op amp 2126 is coupled to the base oftransistor 1904. The I_(s) current source 1914 is also coupled to thebase of transistor 1904. An input of the op amp 2126 is also coupled tothe transistor 1904 as shown. Both op amps may be powered from theV_(DD3) node which is generated from power supplied from the phone line.

By utilizing a 1.25 V input to the positive input of the op amp 2126 andutilizing a 300Ω resistor as the resistor 2044, the necessary op ampoutput is provided to the transistor 1904 to set I_(c1) to approximately4 mA (which in turn will be sufficient to saturate the Darlingtontransistor pair while not excessively diminishing the available loopcurrent). More particularly in the full power mode, the op amp 2126pulls the base of the transistor 1904 to approximately 2 V (thus keepingthe emitter of the transistor at approximately 1.25 V). The transistors2012 and 2014 then have the 2 V voltage applied to their gates whichturns on the transistors so that their drains are almost pulled toground, in which case the I_(C1) current of approximately 4 mA results(1.25 V/300Ω). In the low power mode (FIG. 20), however, the transistors2012 and 2014 act as a 1:M current mirror since the voltage drops acrossthe resistors 2042 and 2044 are small enough to keep the transistors2012 and 2014 saturated.

As shown in FIG. 21, the reference voltage input of the op amp 2126 isprovided from the bandgap reference circuit 2122 (powered by theregulated voltage V_(REG)). This is done because there is a large signalfrom the phone line riding on the V_(DD3) node 2052. V_(REG) istherefore provided as a relatively quiet voltage node to be used topower the band gap reference circuit 2122 and thus improve the powersupply rejection characteristics of the circuit.

The hookswitch circuitry 2000 may be switched back and forth between thefull power and low power mode depending upon whether the communicationsystem is in a caller ID mode or off-hook mode. More particularly, acontrol signal may be generated in the user powered circuitry 116 when aphone is taken off-hook. This control signal may then be passed acrossthe isolation barrier 120 to the line side circuit 118. In response tothe control signal, the node 2052 will be either connected to resistor1906 for the low power mode as shown in FIG. 20 (without voltagegenerator 2140) or will be connected through the voltage generator 2140for the full power mode as shown in FIG. 21. Furthermore, during lowpower operations the op amp 2114 (see FIG. 21) is turned off to pull thegate of the transistor 2116 high to turn off the transistor. Also, theoutput of the op amp 2126 is tri-stated during the low power mode.During full power operations, the gate of transistor 2034 (see FIG. 20)may be pulled high and disconnected from transistors 2022 and 2024 andthe I_(bias) current 2028 may be turned off.

Further modifications and alternative embodiments of this invention willbe apparent to those skilled in the art in view of this description.Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative onlyand is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the mannerof carrying out the invention. It is to be understood that the forms ofthe invention herein shown and described are to be taken as thepresently preferred embodiments. Various changes may be made in theshape, size and arrangement of parts. For example, equivalent elementsmay be substituted for those illustrated and described herein, andcertain features of the invention may be utilized independently of theuse of other features, all as would be apparent to one skilled in theart after having the benefit of this description of the invention.

1. A communication system, comprising: phone line side circuitry forcoupling to phone lines, the phone line side circuitry being configuredto provide an output signal for sending data to the phone lines; poweredside circuitry for coupling to the phone line side circuitry through anisolation barrier that comprises a plurality of isolation elements, thepowered side circuitry being configured to be isolated from the phonelines in order to satisfy phone line isolation regulatory standards; andphone line side integrated ringer circuitry within the phone line sidecircuitry, the phone line side integrated ringer circuitry drawingsubstantially no loop current from the phone line during ringingcondition; wherein the powered side circuitry is configured tocommunicate a first digital differential signal to at least two of theisolation barrier elements, the at least two isolation barrier elementscomprising at least a first isolation capacitor and a second isolationcapacitor; wherein the phone line side circuitry is configured tocommunicate a second digital differential signal to the first isolationcapacitor and the second isolation capacitor, wherein the first andsecond digital differential signals are communicated across the samefirst and second isolation capacitors so that the first and secondisolation capacitors bidirectionally transfer the first and seconddigital differential signals; wherein the powered side circuitry isfurther configured to provide a clock signal to the phone line sidecircuitry through at least one of the plurality of isolation elements;and wherein the powered side circuitry and the phone line side circuitryare further configured so that power is capable of being provided fromthe powered side circuitry to the phone line side circuitry while stillmaintaining the isolation required by the phone line isolationregulatory standards.
 2. The communication system of claim 1, furthercomprising the isolation barrier coupled between the phone line sidecircuitry and the powered side circuitry.
 3. The communication system ofclaim 1, wherein each of said plurality of isolation elements of saidisolation barrier comprises a capacitor.
 4. The communication system ofclaim 1, wherein a portion of said plurality of isolation elements ofsaid isolation barrier each comprises a capacitor.
 5. The communicationsystem of claim 1, wherein the phone line side circuitry and the poweredside circuitry are configured to communicate across the isolationbarrier through a digital signal.
 6. The communication system of claim5, further comprising the isolation barrier coupled between the phoneline side circuitry and the powered side circuitry.
 7. The communicationsystem of claim 1, the phone line side integrated ringer circuitryoperating from power supplied from across the isolation barrier.
 8. Thecommunication system of claim 7, further comprising: the isolationbarrier coupled between the phone line side circuitry and the poweredside circuitry, wherein the phone line side circuitry and the poweredside circuitry are configured to communicate across the isolationbarrier through a digital signal.
 9. The communication system of claim1, wherein said powered side circuitry is further configured to providea clock signal to the phone line side circuitry through an isolationelement that is separate from the first isolation capacitor and thesecond isolation capacitor.
 10. The communication system of claim 1,wherein the first digital differential signal includes both datainformation and control information.
 11. A communication system,comprising: phone line side circuitry for coupling to phone lines, thephone line side circuitry being configured to provide an output signalfor sending data to the phone lines; powered side circuitry for couplingto the phone line side circuitry through an isolation barrier thatcomprises a plurality of isolation elements, the powered side circuitrybeing configured to be isolated from the phone lines in order to satisfyphone line isolation regulatory standards; and phone line sideintegrated ringer circuitry within the phone line side circuitry, thephone line side integrated ringer circuitry drawing substantially noloop current from the phone line during ringing conditions; wherein thepowered side circuitry is configured to communicate a first digitaldifferential signal to at least two of the isolation barrier elements,the at least two isolation barrier elements comprising at least a firstisolation capacitor and a second isolation capacitor; wherein the phoneline side circuitry is configured to communicate a second digitaldifferential signal to the first isolation capacitor and the secondisolation capacitor, wherein the first and second digital differentialsignals are communicated across the same first and second isolationcapacitors so that the first and second isolation capacitorsbidirectionally transfer the first and second digital differentialsignals; wherein the powered side circuitry is further configured toprovide a clock signal to the phone line side circuitry through at leastone of the plurality of isolation elements, the clock signal beingprovided from the powered side circuitry to the phone line sidecircuitry through an isolation element that is separate from the firstisolation capacitor and the second isolation capacitor; wherein thepowered side circuitry and the phone line side circuitry are furtherconfigured so that power is capable of being provided from the poweredside circuitry to the phone line side circuitry to generate at least onepower supply within the phone line side circuitry, while stillmaintaining the isolation required by the phone line isolationregulatory standards; and wherein at least one of the first digitaldifferential signal and the second digital differential signal includesboth data and control information.
 12. The communication system of claim11, further comprising the isolation barrier coupled between the phoneline side circuitry and the powered side circuitry.
 13. Thecommunication system of claim 11, wherein each of said plurality ofisolation elements of said isolation barrier comprises a capacitor. 14.The communication system of claim 11, wherein a portion of saidplurality of isolation elements of said isolation barrier each comprisesa capacitor.
 15. The communication system of claim 11, wherein the phoneline side circuitry and the powered side circuitry are configured tocommunicate across the isolation barrier through a digital signal. 16.The communication system of claim 15, further comprising the isolationbarrier coupled between the phone line side circuitry and the poweredside circuitry.
 17. The communication system of claim 11, the phone lineside integrated ringer circuitry operating from power supplied fromacross the isolation barrier.
 18. The communication system of claim 17,further comprising: the isolation barrier coupled between the phone lineside circuitry and the powered side circuitry, wherein the phone lineside circuitry and the powered side circuitry are configured tocommunicate across the isolation barrier through a digital signal.
 19. Amethod of providing a communication system for coupling to a phone line,comprising: coupling an isolation barrier between a powered sidecircuitry and a phone line side circuitry, the isolation barriercomprising a plurality of isolation elements; configuring the poweredside circuitry to communicate a first digital differential signal to atleast two of the isolation barrier elements, the at least two isolationbarrier elements comprising at least a first isolation capacitor and asecond isolation capacitor, wherein the powered side circuitry isconfigured to be isolated from the phone line in order to satisfy phoneline isolation regulatory standards; configuring the phone line sidecircuitry to communicate a second digital differential signal to thefirst isolation capacitor and the second isolation capacitor, whereinthe first and second digital differential signals are communicatedacross the same first and second isolation capacitors so that the firstand second isolation capacitors bidirectionally transfer the first andsecond digital differential signals, the phone line side circuitryfurther configured to provide an output signal for sending data to thephone line; configuring the powered side circuitry to provide a clocksignal to the phone line side circuitry through at least one of theplurality of isolation elements; configuring the powered side circuitryand the phone line side circuitry so that power is capable of beingprovided from the powered side circuitry to the phone line sidecircuitry while still maintaining the isolation required by the phoneline isolation regulatory standards; partitioning ringer detectioncircuitry into a first integrated ringer circuit within the powered sidecircuitry and a second integrated ringer circuit within the phone lineside circuitry; and powering the second integrated ringer circuitportion by extracting power from a signal transmitted across theisolation barrier.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprisingpassing digital data across the isolation barrier.
 21. The method ofclaim 19, further comprising drawing substantially no loop current fromthe phone line to operate the ringer detection circuitry.
 22. The methodof claim 21, further comprising passing digital data across theisolation barrier.
 23. The method of claim 19, wherein the clock signalis provided from the powered side circuitry to the phone line sidecircuitry through an isolation element that is separate from the firstisolation capacitor and the second isolation capacitor.
 24. The methodof claim 19, wherein the first digital differential signal includes bothdata information and control information.
 25. The method of claim 19,wherein each of said plurality of isolation elements of said isolationbarrier comprises a capacitor.
 26. The method of claim 19, wherein aportion of said plurality of isolation elements of said isolationbarrier each comprises a capacitor.
 27. A method of providing acommunication system for coupling to a phone line, comprising: couplingan isolation barrier between a powered side circuitry and a phone lineside circuitry, the isolation barrier comprising a plurality ofisolation elements; configuring the powered side circuitry tocommunicate a first digital differential signal to at least two of theisolation barrier elements, the at least two isolation barrier elementscomprising at least a first isolation capacitor and a second isolationcapacitor, wherein the powered side circuitry is configured to beisolated from the phone line in order to satisfy phone line isolationregulatory standards; configuring the phone line side circuitry tocommunicate a second digital differential signal to the first isolationcapacitor and the second isolation capacitor, wherein at least one ofthe first digital differential signal and the second digitaldifferential signal includes both data and control information andwherein the first and second digital differential signals arecommunicated across the same first and second isolation capacitors sothat the first and second isolation capacitors bidirectionally transferthe first and second digital differential signals, the phone line sidecircuitry further configured to provide an output signal for sendingdata to a phone line; configuring the powered side circuitry to providea clock signal to the phone line side circuitry through at least one ofthe plurality of isolation elements, wherein the clock signal isprovided from the powered side circuitry to the phone line sidecircuitry through an isolation element that is separate from the firstisolation capacitor and the second isolation capacitor; and configuringthe powered side circuitry and the phone line side circuitry so thatpower is capable of being provided from the powered side circuitry tothe phone line side circuitry to generate at least one power supplywithin the phone line side circuitry, while still maintaining theisolation required by the phone line isolation regulatory standards,partitioning ringer detection circuitry into a first integrated ringercircuit within the powered side circuitry and a second integrated ringercircuit within the phone line side circuitry; and powering the secondintegrated ringer circuit portion by extracting power from a signaltransmitted across the isolation barrier.
 28. The method of claim 27,further comprising passing digital data across the isolation barrier.29. The method of claim 27, further comprising drawing substantially noloop current from the phone line to operate the ringer detectioncircuitry.
 30. The method of claim 29, further comprising passingdigital data across the isolation barrier.
 31. The method of claim 27,wherein each of said plurality of isolation elements of said isolationbarrier comprises a capacitor.
 32. The method of claim 27, wherein aportion of said plurality of isolation elements of said isolationbarrier each comprises a capacitor.
 33. A method for providing circuitryconfigured to isolate powered side circuitry from a phone line through aplurality of isolation barrier elements and of operating ringerdetection circuitry to detect ringing conditions on the phone line,comprising: configuring the powered side circuitry to communicate afirst digital differential signal to at least two of the isolationbarrier elements, the at least two isolation barrier elements comprisingat least a first isolation capacitor and a second isolation capacitor,wherein the powered side circuitry is configured to be isolated from thephone line in order to satisfy phone line isolation regulatorystandards; configuring the phone line side circuitry to communicate asecond digital differential signal to the first isolation capacitor andthe second isolation capacitor, wherein the first and second digitaldifferential signals are communicated across the same first and secondisolation capacitors so that the first and second isolation capacitorsbidirectionally transfer the first and second digital differentialsignals, the phone line side circuitry further configured to provide anoutput signal for sending data to the phone line; configuring thepowered side circuitry to provide a clock signal to the phone line sidecircuitry through at least one of the plurality of isolation elements;configuring the powered side circuitry and the phone line side circuitryso that power is capable of being provided from the powered sidecircuitry to the phone line side circuitry while still maintaining theisolation required by the phone line isolation regulatory standards;coupling the ringer detection circuitry to an input, the input providedfor coupling to the phone line, and drawing substantially no loopcurrent from the phone line to operate the ringer detection circuitryduring ringing conditions.
 34. The method of claim 33, furthercomprising operating the ringer detection circuitry with a power supplywhich is generated from power transmitted across an isolation barrier.35. The method of claim 33, wherein the clock signal is provided fromthe powered side circuitry to the phone line side circuitry through anisolation element that is separate from the first isolation capacitorand the second isolation capacitor.
 36. The method of claim 33, whereinthe first digital differential signal includes both data information andcontrol information.
 37. The method of claim 33, wherein each of saidplurality of isolation elements of said isolation barrier comprises acapacitor.
 38. The method of claim 33, wherein a portion of saidplurality of isolation elements of said isolation barrier each comprisesa capacitor.
 39. A method for providing circuitry configured to isolatepowered side circuitry from a phone line through a plurality ofisolation barrier elements and of operating ringer detection circuitryto detect ringing conditions on the phone line, comprising: configuringthe powered side circuitry to communicate a first digital differentialsignal to at least two of the isolation barrier elements, the at leasttwo isolation barrier elements comprising at least a first isolationcapacitor and a second isolation capacitor, wherein the powered sidecircuitry is configured to be isolated from the phone line in order tosatisfy phone line isolation regulatory standards; configuring the phoneline side circuitry to communicate a second digital differential signalto the first isolation capacitor and the second isolation capacitor,wherein at least one of the first digital differential signal and thesecond digital differential signal includes both data and controlinformation and wherein the first and second digital differentialsignals are communicated across the same first and second isolationcapacitors so that the first and second isolation capacitorsbidirectionally transfer the first and second digital differentialsignals, the phone line side circuitry further configured to provide anoutput signal for sending data to a phone line; configuring the poweredside circuitry to provide a clock signal to the phone line sidecircuitry through at least one of the plurality of isolation elements,wherein the clock signal is provided from the powered side circuitry tothe phone line side circuitry through an isolation element that isseparate from the first isolation capacitor and the second isolationcapacitor; and configuring the powered side circuitry and the phone lineside circuitry so that power is capable of being provided from thepowered side circuitry to the phone line side circuitry to generate atleast one power supply within the phone line side circuitry, while stillmaintaining the isolation required by the phone line isolationregulatory standards, coupling the ringer detection circuitry to aninput, the input provided for coupling to the phone line, and drawingsubstantially no loop current from the phone line to operate the ringerdetection circuitry during ringing conditions.
 40. The method of claim39, further comprising operating the ringer detection circuitry with apower supply which is generated from power transmitted across anisolation barrier.
 41. The method of claim 39, wherein each of saidplurality of isolation elements of said isolation barrier comprises acapacitor.
 42. The method of claim 39, wherein a portion of saidplurality of isolation elements of said isolation barrier each comprisesa capacitor.